TABULAR VIEWS 



OF 



UNIVERSAL HISTORY 



A SERIES OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLES PRESENTING, 
IN PARALLEL COLUMNS, A RECORD OF THE MORE 
NOTEWORTHY EVENTS IN THE HISTORY OF THE 
WORLD FROM THE EARLIEST TIMES DOWN TO 1890. 



COMPILED BY 



G. P. PUTNAM, A.M. 



AND CONTINUED TO DATE BY 

LYNDS E. JONES 









G. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 

NEW YORK LONDON 

27 WBST TWENTY-THIRD ST. 27 KING WILLIAM ST. : STRAND 

<Cbc|\ttuhtrboeIur £)rtss 
1890 



OF CONG RESS | 
^WASHINGTON || 

COPYRIGHT 1890 
. BY 

Cx. P. PUTNAM'S SONS 



PREFACE. 



This chronology of historical events, originally compiled by the late George 
P. Putnam and forming a part of his comprehensive cyclopedia on "The 
World's Progress," has been carefully revised and brought down to the present 
time, and it is now issued in a separate form in the trust that every one who 
needs at his elbow a convenient manual of dates may find his requirements 
satisfied in this volume. To teachers especially it is hoped that it may prove 
an important aid in imparting instruction. They more than all others ap- 
preciate the difficulty of permanently fixing in the mind the exact time of 
great occurrences, and they should accordingly value any means of lessening that 
difficulty. Such a means, it is thought, is found in the arrangement here 
adopted of placing in parallel columns on facing pages the events occurring 
throughout the world at about the same period of time. This calls in the 
powerful assistance of association in enabling the memory to grasp and retain a 
hold of important dates by showing at a glance simultaneous occurrences in 
other countries. It also helps in teaching the lesson that the history of any 
one nation is only a part of the history of the world ; and that the proper way 
to study true history is to follow the progress of the people scattered over 
the face of the globe, and not of a fragmentary few gathered into one corner 
of it. 

The most distant events are naturally the ones it is the most difficult to place 
with positive certainty. Egyptian history goes the furthest back of any known 
to us, and more light has been thrown upon its early days by recent research 
than upon that of any other country. Yet to-day authorities still differ as to 
the time of the foundation of its first dynasty by as wide a margin as 1,500 
years (Bunsen, 3,600 B.C. ; Mariette, 5,000 B.C.). In this condition of doubt 
it has been deemed wise to take a conservative estimate and the chronology of 
Brugsch and Duncker has therefore been followed. The chronology of Bishop 
Usher is now so universally discredited by Biblical scholars as well as by other 
students that it has been entirely discarded, and Hebraic history has been 
begun with the introduction of monarchy among the Jews, the earliest event in 
their career that can be fixed with any approximate degree of accuracy. Other 
occurrences in the twilight period of history, to which custom has assigned 
arbitrary dates, have been omitted as of too mythical a character and of too 
uncertain a time to be recorded in a sober book of facts. Perhaps future in- 
vestigation and new sources of information may some day clear away the 
clouds and let us see which are facts and which are fables, and the former will 
then find their place in chronologies ; but for the present, at least, chronologies 
are the one place they should not appear in. -r YNDS -p t nes 

iii 



PART !. 

ANCIENT CHRONOLOGY 

FROM THE EARLIEST RECORDS TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 44OO B.C. 



b.c. Progress of Society and the Arts. 



3700 (about). Erection of the Great Pyramid 
at Gizeh. 



Beginning of Chaldean astronomical ob- 
servations. 



{about). Use of cuneiform writing. (First 
deciphered 1802 a.d.) 



1582 
1500 



Beginning of chronology of Arundelean 

(Parian) marble. 
(about). Date of oldest papyri extant. 



The Jews. 



{about). Erection of Northwest Palace of 
Nimroud. 



1055 (about). Establishment of monarchy by 
the Jews : Saul king. 

1033 (about). Saul overwhelmed by the 
Philistines at Gilboa : David proclaimed 
king. 

993 (about). Accession of Solomon. 

953 (about). Revolt of the ten tribes 
under Jeroboam : Israel and Judah sep- 
arate kingdoms. 

949 (about). Capture of Jerusalem by Shes- 
honk, King of Egypt. 

929 (about). Accession of Asa in Judah. 



8qg(about). Accession of Omri in Israel. 
2>j2,(about). Accession of Jehoshaphat ir. 

Judah. 
853 (about). Syrians defeat and kill Ahab, 

King of Israel at Ramoth-Gilead. 



Sqo B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



2500 



Asia. 



Africa. 



4400 {about). Foundation 
of the first dynasty in 
Egypt. 



Europe. 



{about). Rise of the kingdom 
of Elam. 
22$o\{about). Chaldea conquered 
by Cudur-Nankhundi, the 
Elamite. 



(about) Foundation of the 2200-1700 {about). Do- 
Hia dynasty in China. minion of the Hyksos 

in Egypt. 



(about). Babylon united into 

a single powerful monarchy 
-1300 {about). Period of the 

greatest power of the Hit- 

tite realm in Syria. 
{about). Reign of Shelman- 

eser I. in Assyria. 
(about). Phoenicians enter upon 

their career of colonization. 
(about). Cylinder inscription 

of Tiglath-Pileser, King of 

Assyria. 
(about). Foundation of the 

Chow dynasty in China. 



[700-1250 (about). Period 
of the greatest power 
and splendor of the New 
Empire in Egypt. 



1300 
1250 



100 (about). Dorian migra- 
tion into Peloponnesus. 



900 



(about). Commencement of 
Assyrian canon (terminated 
640 B.C.). 



850 (about). Colonization 
of Carthage by the 
Tyrians. 



850 {about). Legislation of 
Eycurgus in Sparta. 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



843 B.C.- 



Progress of Society and the Arts. 



776 



Beginning of the Olympiads. 



The Jews. 



S43 {about). 

Jehu. 
792 {about). 
790 {about). 

Israel. 



Throne of Israel usurped by 

Accession of Uzziah in Judah 
Accession of Jeroboam II. in 



748 {about). End of the dynasty of Jehu in 
Israel. 



Commencement of the celebration of the 
Pythian games (every five years). 



728. Accession of Hezekiah in Judah. _ 

722. Samaria taken by Sargon, King of 
Assyria : overthrow of the kingdom of 
Israel : captivity of the ten tribes. 

701. Invasion of Judah by Sennacherib. 

697. Accession of Manasseh in Judah. 



622. Reformation of Josiah in Judah. 
609. Judah overpowered by Necho, King of 
Egypt : Josiah slain. 



605. Necho defeated by Nebuchadnezzar at 

Carchemish. 
597. Jerusalem taken by Nebuchadnezzar. 



586. Destruction of Jerusalem : Babylonish 
captivity. 



586 b.c. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



Asia. 



Africa. 



732 {about), Syria subdued by 
Tiglath-Pileser II., King of 
Assyria. 
{about). Chaldea subdued by 
Tiglath-Pileser II. 



73 



Co 7 



{about). Media becomes in- 
dependent of Assyria. 

{about). Scythians overrun 
Media, Assyria and Syria. 



Nineveh taken by the Medes 
and Babylonians : Assyrian 
monarchy overwhelmed. 



Eurcpe. 



776. Olympiad of Coroebus, 
the first authentic date in 
Grecian history. 

753- Foundation of Rome. .*> 

750. Foundation of Syracuse 
by the Corinthians. 



43-724. War of Sparta upon 
Messenia: latter reduced to 
subjection. 



650 {about). Egypt united 
under Psammetichus. 



4. Athenian archonship 
made annual. 
659. Foundation of Byzantium. 



645-628. Unsuccessful attempts 
of Messenia to throw off 
Spartan yoke. 



624. Legislation of Draco 
Athens. 



594. Legislation of Solon in 
Athens. 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



535 B.C.- 



b.o Progress of Society. 



578 



5&y 



510 



535 



527 



ssa 



Money coined at Rome by Ser- 
vjus Tullius 



Depoenus and Scyllis open a 
school of s'atuary at Athens. 

Naucrates given to the Greeks 
by Egypt as a factory. 

Egypt possesses 20,000 inha- 
bited cities. 

First comedy acted at Athens 
on a cart, by Susarion and 
Dolon. 

Dials invented by Anaximan 
der of Mile'us. 

Anaximenes, Cleobulus. 

/ 



The Corinthian order of ar- 
chitecture invented by Cali 
machus. 

Zoroaster, the Persian Philo 
sopher. 

Simonides, Anacreon, poets. 



Thespis performs the first 
trugedy at Alliens. 



Learning e?icouraged al Ath 
ens. — First public library 
founded 

Confucius the Chinese philo- 
sopher. 
The Daric issued by Darius. 



Jews. 



)f>9. Handwriting on the wall 
at Belshazzar's feast. 



536. Edict of Cyrus for the Re 
titrn of the "Jews. 
Joshua, Zerubbabel. 

535. Rebuilding of the tern 
pie begins 

Zechariah, Haggai. 



582. Nebuchadnezzar invades 
Elam— takes Susa. 



572. Tyre taken by Nebuchad- 
nezzar. 

569. Nebuchadnezzar losing 
his reason is deposed. 
New Tyre founded. 



502. Croesus, king ot Lydia. 

Solon and iEsop at his court. 
561. Evil-Merodach, king ol 

Babylon. 
559. Neriglissar or Belshazzai 

killed in the night. 

Cyaxares II. (Darius) 

king'of Media. 

Cyrus the Persian assists 

him. 
Asia Minor subjected to Croe 

sus. 



546. Sardis taken oy Cyrus.— 
Croesus made prisoner.— 
Th e Ly dian Kingdom end- 
ed. 

535. BABYLON TAKEN by 
Cyrus. 

536. PERSIAN EMPIRE 
founded by CYRUS, com- 
posed of Assyria, Media and 
Persia. 



Cambj Bes, king of Per- 



522. Darius Hystaspes, king 
of Persia. 



516. Dedication of the second 

temple. 



5IO B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



581 



571 



y36 



K5 



Africa. 



Egypt invaded by Nebuchad- 
nezzar. 



Apries taken prisoner, and 
strangled in his palace. 

Amasis, king — connection be- 
tween Greece and Egypt. 



Pythagoras visits Egypt 



Psammenitus, last king of 
Egypt. — Invasion of Cam- 
byses, who defeats the 
Egyptians at Pelusium, and 
takes Memphis. 

Egypt becomes a Persian 
Province. 



585. Death of Periander, tyrant 

of Corinth. 
582. Corinth becomes a repub 

lie. 



500. Pisistratus, tyrant of Ath- 
ens. 



549. Temple of Apollo al 
Delphi burnt by the Pisis- 
tratidae. 

547. Amyntas, king of Mace- 
don. 



539. The Phocians emigrate to 
Gaul and build Massilia 
(now Marseilles). 



527. Pisistratus dies. 



. Polycrates, tyrant of Sa- 

QOS. 

514. Hipparchus killed. 



510. The Pisistratidae expelled. 
— Democracy established at 
Athens — Statues erected to 
Harmodius and Aristogiton, 
leaders in the revolution. 



Rome, etc. 



578. Servius Tullius, king c; 
Rome. 



567. Conquest of the Etrurians 

by Rome. 
565. First census of Rome : 

84,700 citizens. 



534. Tarquinius Superbus 
king of Rome. 

530. Cadiz huilt by the Car- 
thaginians (near the ancient 
Tarskish). 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



509 B.C.- 



3. c. Progress of Society. 



509 I Abolition of the Regal Govern- 
I merit, and establishment of 
Republic at Rome. 



507 



-179 



Heraclitus, Theano, Prota- 
goras, Anaxugoras, philoso- 
phers. — Corinna, poetess. 



The Phoenician letters carried 
to Ireland from Spain. 

Pythagoras teaches the doc- 
trine of celestial motions. 

The temple of Minerva built. 



The Etrurians excel in music, 
the drama and architecture. 



jEschylus, Pindar, poets. 



i"7 Simonides, of Cos, obtains the 
prize at Olympia, for teach- 
ing a system of Mnemonics, 
which he had invented. 



-173 



473 



m 



Empirics instituted by Acron, 
of Agrigentum. 



Thucydides born. 

Sophocles, the tragic, and 
Plato, the comic poet. 



Voyage of the Carthaginians 
to Britain for tin 



The Jews. 



483. Joachim, High Priest. 



453 Esther. 

457. Ezra goes to Jerusalem 
collects the Jewish Scrip- 
tures : and 

453. —writes the Chronicles. 



Asia. 



508. Darius conquers India 



500. The Ionians revolt from 
Persia and burn Sardis. 



490. Darius sends an army ol 
500,000 men into Greece. 



437. Artabazes, king of Pon- 

tus. 
486. Xerxes, king of Persia. 

481 The expedition of Xerxes 

into Greece. 
480. The family of Archean- 

actes, from Mytilene, settle 

in Bosphorus (now Circas- 

sia.) 



478. Death of Confucius.— 
China distracted by internal 
wars. 



406. Persians defeated Dy 9e<a 

and land. 
465. Xerxes assassinated. 
464. Artaxerxes I. (Longima 

nus,) king of Persia. 



453 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



187 



■id) 



160 



Egypt revolts— is subdued by 
Xerxes. 



Hamilcar killed in battle- 



Egypt, under 
from Persia. 



Inarus. revolts 



Greece. 



505. Lacedemonian War. 
504. Lemnos taken by Milti- 
ades. 



497. Alexander 1st, king of 
Macedon. 

Hippocrates, tyrant of 
Gela. 

490. Invasion of the Persians 
under Datis and Artapher 
nes. 

Battle of MARATHON. 



489. Miltiades imprisoned. 
484. Herodotus born. 
483. Aristides banished. 



430. Battle of Thermopylae 
Athens burnt by Xerx< 
Battle of Salamis. 
479. Mardonius a second time 
takes Athens. 

Defeat of the Persians at 
Platea and Mycale on the 
same day. 

(?) 
476. Themistocies rebuilds 
Athens.— The Piraeus built. 

470. Cimon son of Miltiades.— 
Themistocies banished. — 
The kingdom of the Odrysae 
extends over the most of 
Thrace. 

4GG. The Persians twice de- 
feated at the Eurymedon by 
Cimon. 

465. 3d Messinian War. 

461. Ostracism of Cimon.— 
Pericles rises to great 
power. 

459. Athens assumes to be the 
head of Greece. 

456. Cimon recalled. 



Rome and Italy. 



456 All Egypt reduced by Megaby- 



509. The Tarquins expelled 

liom Home. 
Brutus and Collatinus 

first Consuls of Rome. 

507. Second census of Rome, 

130,909 citizens. 
The Capitol finished.— Wai 

against the Tarquin3 and 

their ally Porsonna. 



498. Titus Lartius first Dicta 
lor 

Tribunes of the people. 
496. Posthumiua, Dictator. 



491. Coriolanus banished. 



488. At the request of his 
mother, Coriolanus with- 
draws the Volsci from Rome. 

485. Gelon, tyrant of Syracuse. 

483. Quaestors appointed. 



480. The Carthaginians de- 
feated by Gelon. 

479. Syracuse governed by 
Hiero. 



477. The 300 Fabii slain. 



467. Thrasybulus succeed*' 
Hiero, and is expelled for 
his cruelty. 

Democracy in Syracuse. 



461. Earthquake at Rome. 



456. Cincinnatus Dictator. 



10 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 454 B.C.- 



b.o Progress of Society, etc. 



450 



411 



434 



432 



414 



UO 



The Britons inflict punish- 
ment of death by drowning 
in a quagmire. 



Empedocles. Parmenides, 
Aiistippus, and Antis- 
thenes, philosophers. — 
Phidias the finest sculp- 
tor of antiquity. — Euri- 
pides, gains the first prize 
in tragedy. 

The Battering Ram invented 
by Anemones. 



Aristophanes, prince of an- 
cient comedy. 



Melon begins his lunar cycle. 

Socrates, the greatest of hea- 
then moralists. 

Hippocrates, of Cos, the father 
ol medicine. 

Thucydides, Ctesias, histo- 
rians. 

Democrilus, the laughing phi- 
losopher. 



An eclipse of the sun causes 
the defeat of the Athenians 
at Syracuse 



Thucydides' history ends and 
Xenophon's begins. 



The Jews. 



445. Walls of Jerusalem built 
by Nehemiah. 

Sect of Samaritans. 



Asia. 



449. Persians defeated at Sa 
lamis in Cyprus. 
Peace with Greece. 



438. Spartacus takes posses- 
sion of the Bosphorue. 



425. Xerxes II. k. of Persia 
424. Darius II. k. ol Persia, 



404. Artaxerxes II. 
(Mnemon), king of Persia. 



404 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



II 



114 



Amyrtaeus, king of Egypt, 
shakes off the yoke of Per- 



4°7 1 The Carthaginians send 300, 
I CX) men into Sicily. 



451. Perdiccas, II., king of Ma- 
cedon. 

449. Cimon dies. 

448. First Sacred War. 
447. Athenians defeated at Che- 
ronoea. 



440. Pericles takes Samos. 



437. Amphipolis planted by 
Athenians. 

436. Corinth at war with Cor- 
ey ra. 



432. Revolt of Potidaea from 
the Athenian confederacy. 

431. The Peloponnesian War. 
Invasion of Attica. 

430. The Plague at Athens. 

429. Pericles dies, having gov- 
erned Athens 40 years. 

425. An earthquake separates 

the peninsula of Euboea 

from the main land. 
424. Exile of Thucydides. 

Campaign of Brasidas in 

Thrace. 
420. The 90th Olympiad. 

Alcibiades effects a treaty 

between the Athenians and 

Arrives. 
416. Nicitts, general of the 

Athenians. 

War in Sicily . 
413. The Athenians alarmed by 

an eclipse.— Their army in 

Sicily destroyeil. 
413. Archelaus, king of Mace- 
don. 
411. Athens governed by the 

400.— Alliance of Sparta 

with Persia. 
411. Alcibiades at the court of 

Tissaphernes. 
410. Alcibiades defeats the 

Spartans. 



408. Capture of Byzantium. 

405. Lysander defeats the 
Athenians, 404. takes Athens, 
and establishes the 30 ty 
rants 

End of the Peloponnesian 
War. 

Death of Alcibiaden. 



451. Decemviri— the laws of 
the 12 tables. 

Virginia killed by her 
father." 



446. Syracuse reduces Agn- 
gentum. 

445. Military Tribunes. 

444. Office 'of Censor insti- 
tuted. 

440. Famine in Rome. 



437. The Veii defeated. 



434. War with the Tuscans. 

433. The temple of Apollo de 
dicated 

431. The Equi andVolsci de- 
feated. 



12 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



4OI B.C.- 



t.«. Progress of Society, etc, 



396 



380 



377 



308 



360 



Catapultce, invented by Diony- 
sius. 



Cynics, sect of philosophers 
founded by Antisthenes. 



Plato, the philosopher. 
Philoxenes, the poet 



Treatise on conic sections by 
AristcRUS. 



Diogenes, the cynic ; Isocrates 
and Isaus, orators. 



The Jews. 



A celestial globe brought into 
Greece from Egypt. " 



Philippics of Demosthenes. 



Commerce of Rhodes with 
Africa arid Byzantium 



36G. Jeshua slain by Johan- 
nan in the inner court of the 
temple, for which a heavy 
fine is laid on the daily sacri- 
fices. 



401. Cyrus the younger de- 
feated.— Retreat of the 10,000 
under Xenophon. 

400. The city of Dethi found 
ed. 



387. The Greek cities of Asia 
tributary to Persia. 

383 BITHYNIA becomes a 

kingdom. 

Mithridates 1st, king ai 
PONTUS. 



362. Ariobarzanes king of Pon- 
tus. — Revolt of the Persian 
governor in Asia Minor. 

361. Darius Ochus. or Artax- 
erxes III. king of Persia. 

360. CAPPADOCIA become! 
a kingdom under Ariarathes i 



356 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



13 



37 3 



36^ 



■)m 



The Carthaginians land in 

Italy. 



Tachos, king of Egypt. 

Agesilaus, the Spartan, 
aids the Egyptians. 



Voyages of the Carthaginians 
under Hanno. 



401. Thrasybulus expels the 
30 tyrants. 

Death of Socrates. 



)9. Amyntas II., king of Ma- 
cedon. 



396. Agesilaus goes into Asia. 
395. Corinthian War begun. — 
Battle of Coronea. 



382. Thebes taken by Phcebi- 
das. 

3S0. Thebes delivered by Pelo- 
pides and Epaminondas. 
100th Olympiad. 

377. Spartan fleet defeated at 
Naxos. 

372. Ellice and Bula in the Pe- 
loponnesus, swallowed up 
by an earthquake. 

371. Battle of Leuctra. 

Alexander II., king of Ma- 
cedon. 

Predominance of Thebes. 

370. Perdiccas III., king of 
Macedon. 

364. Pe'lopidas killed irrbattle. 

362. Battle of Mantinea, death 
of Epaminondas. 

Decline of Grecian 
Republics. 

360. Philip II., king of Mace- 
don. defeats the ^Athenians 
at Methone. 

The Macedonian phalanx. 

War of the nllies against 
Athens. 



358. Philip takes Amphipolis 

and loses his right eye by an 

arrow from Astor. 
357. The 2d Sacred War. 
356. Philip conquers Thrace 

and Illyria. 

The Temple of Diana at 

Ephesus burnt. 

ALEXANDER "the 
. Great" born. 



Rome and Italy. 



400. Siege of Veii begun. 



397. Lake Alba drairetf 



391. Camillus, Dictator, takes 
Veii, after a siege of ten 
years. 

390. Rome taken and burnt by 
the Gauls, under Brennua 
—The Capitol besieged.— 
Camillus delivers his coun- 
try. 

386. Damon and Pythias. 

384. M. Manlius Capitolinua 
thrown from the Tarpei'ui 
rock. 



379. The Volsci defeat i*» 
Romans. 



376. Lucius Sextus, first ple- 
beian consul. 

Camillus, the fifth time 
Dictator. 

371. The curule magistrates 
appointed. 



362. Curtius leaps into a gulf 
in the Forum. 



357. Dionysius, the younge* 
expellee: from Syracuse. 



H 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



354 B.C.- 



b.o Progress op Society, etc 



M3 



342 



336 



:«n 



Aiistotle, the logician and phi- 
losopher, founder of the Pe- 
ripatetics; jEschines, ora- 
tor. 

Demosthenes ; lcetas, of Syra- 
cuse. 

The Lyceum built in Attica. 



Alexander spares the house of 

Pindar. 
The revolution of eclipses first 

calculated by Calippus, the 

Athenian. 

Caustic painting or the art 
of burning colors into wood 
or ivory, invented by Gau- 
sias a painter of Sicyon. 



The voyage of Nearchus from 

the Indus to the Euphrates. 
Apeiles, the painter ; Calls- 

thenes, philosopher. 
Menander, the inventor of the 

new comedy. 
Lysistratus invents moulds 

from which to cast wax 

figures. 



First work on mechanics, writ- 
ten by Aristotle. — Diving 
Bell first mentioned. 



The Jews. 



Alexander enters Jerusa- 
lem. — On seeing Jaddus, the 
High Priest, clad in his 
robes, he declares he had 
seen him in a vision, invit- 
ing him to Asia, and pro- 
mising him the Persian em- 
pire. He goes to the Tem- 
ple, offers sacrifices to Jeho- 
vah, and departs. 



320. Ptolemv carries 100,000 
Jews into Eypt. 
Onias I. 



Asia.. 



336. Mithridates II., kng it 
Pontus. 



331. Battle of the Granicus. 
333. Battle of issus.— Parthia, 

Bact ria, Hy rcania.Sogdiana, 
and Asia Minor, conquered 
by Alexander. 

332. Tyre subdued after seven 
months' sieg». 

Damascus taken. — Gaza 
surrenders. 
331. Battle of Arbela.— The 
Persian army totally defeat- 

330. CONQUEST of the PER / 
SI AX EMPIRE. 

329. Thalestris, queen of the 
Amazons, visits Alexander, 
wiih a train of 300 women. 

328. Alexander extends hia 
conquest to the Ganges. 

323. Alexander dies at Baby- 
lon. 

322. Peidiccas takes Caff a 
docia. 



320. Eumenes defeated by 
tigonua. 



3T9B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



15 



34J 



AFRICA. 



Darius Ochus conquers Egypt, 
and pillages its temples. 



The Carthaginians defeated by 
Timoleon. 



Egypt conquered by Alexan- 
der. 

Alexandria built. 



323 ' Ptolemy L (Soter, son of La- 
I gus.) 



Greece— Macedon. 



353. The Phocians defeated l>y 
Philip. 

348. End ot the Sacred War. 
Philip takes Olynthus. 

346. Philip admired to the 
Amphiciyonic Council. 

345. Duras buried by an earth- 
quake. 

343. Thrace tributary to Mace- 
don. 

Aristotle appointed tutor 
to Alexander. 



341. Philip makes war upon 
Athens. 

340. — lays siege to Byzantium. 
Timoleon recovers Syra- 
cuse, expels Dionysius, the 
tyrant, and defeats the Car- 
thaginians at Agrigentum. 

338. Philip defeats the Creeks 
at Cheronea. 

336. Philip is murdered by 
Pausanias. 

ALEXANDER III., sur- 
named the Great.— He rava- 
ges Greece, destroys Thebes, 
sparing the house of Pindar. 

335. — is chosen generalissimo 
of Greece against Persia. 

33-1. -invades Persia, and after 
several great battles (see 
"Asia") subdues the Per- 
sian empire and Egypt, and 
marches into India. 



330. jEschines, the orator, 
banished. 



325. Demosthenes banished. 

323. Death of Alexander.— 
The Grecian cities revolt 
from Macedon. — Demosthe- 
nes recalled. 

322. The Greeks defeated by 
sea and land near Cranon. 
Death of Demosthenes. 

321. Antipater, regent. 



319. Polysperchon succeeds 
Antipater, and proclaims 
liberty to the Grecian cities- 



Rome, ETC. 



354. Dion put to death, an» 
Syracuse usurped by ty- 



345. Twelve cities ir Cainra- 
nia buried by an earth piake. 

343. Samnian War, whi:h con- 
tinues 53 years. 



340. P. Decius cevotes him- 
self for his courtry. 

All Campania is subdued. 



332. The Caledonian mo- 
narchy (Scotland) founded 
by Fergus I. 



325. Papirius Cursor, Dictate*. 



321. The Samnites make the 
Romans pass under the yoke. 

320. The Samnites defeated aJ 
Luceria. 



i6 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



318 B.C. 



i.e. Progress op Society, etc. 



317 



U2 



310 



300 



293 



Commerce of Macedon with 
India, through Egypt. 



The Appian Way constructed. 
—The Gnomon invented to 
measure altitudes. 



Aqueducts and baths in Rome. 



Euclid, of Alexandria, the 
celebrated mathematician.— 

Zeno, founder of the Stoics ; 
— Pyrrho, of the Skeptics; 
Epicurus, of the Epicu- 
reans.— Bion, of Borysthe- 
nes, philosopher. 
The great Chinese Wall built. 



The first sun-dial erected at 
Rome by Papirius Cursor, 
and the time first divided 
into hours. 



Fabius introduces painting at 
Rome. 

The Colossus of Rhodes 
built by Chares, of Lindus. 



Theocrites, the father of pas- 
toral poetry. 

Dionysius, the astronomer at 
Alexandria, begins his era. 
He found the solar year to 
consist of 365 days, 5 hours, 
and 49 minutes. 

The Septuagint translation of 
the Old Testament, begun at 
Alexandria, by order of Pto- 
lemy Phi] idelphus. 



The Jews. 



311. Judea subject to A..ugo- 
nus. 



301. Judea under the domi- 
nion of the Ptolemies. 



284. The sect of the Sadduceea. 



312. SYRIA. Seleucus, Nicator 



311. Seleucus Nicator retaken 

Babylon. 

Era of the Seleucidm. 
310. Eumeles usurps the 

throne of Bosphorus, putting 

to death all his brothers. 

After a reign of six years, ia 

murdered. 



305. War in India, 
Sandrocottus. 



agan < 



301. Battle of Ipsus.—AnUg> 
nus killed. 

ALEXANDER'S EM 
PIRE DIVIDED in four 
parts. — Ptolemy, Seleucus, 
Cassander. Lysimachus. 

Mithridates III., king 01 
Pont us. 



291. Seleucus founds Antioch 
Edessa, and Laodicea. 



55. The Scythians invad* 
Bospnorus. 



284 B - c - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



17 



Agathocles is defeated by the 
^Carthaginians. 

Peace between Sicily and Car- 
thage. 



318. Phocion put to death by 
the Athenians. 

317. C a s s a n d e r assumes 
the government of Macedon. 
Demetrius Phalerius gov- 
erns Athens. 

315. Cassander rebuilds Thebes, 
and founds (Jassandria. 



312. Epirus: Py rrhus II., 

the greatest hero of his time. 



30G. Democracy established at 
Athens by Demetrius. 

304. Athenians repulsed from 
Rhodes. 

303. Demetrius Poliorcetes, 
general of the Grecian States. 



300. Restoration of Democracy 
at Athens. 



291. Death of Cassander.— 
Alexander and Antipater 
succeed. 

296. Siege of Athens, by De- 
me'rius. 

294. Demetrius murders Alex- 
ander, and seizes the throne 
of Macedon. 



287. Athens revolts from De- 
metrius. 
286. Pyrrhus expelled from 



Macedon. 



284. The Achaean Republic. 



Rome, etc. 



317. Syracuse and Sicily usurp 
d by Agathocles. 



312. War with the Etruscan* 



310. The Carthaginians defeat 
Agathocles, and besiege Sy- 
racuse. 

308. Fabius Maximui 
defeats the Samnites. 



303. Establishment of 
Tribus UrbancB. 



tha 



300.First Plebeian High Priest 



290. End of the Samnite Wax 



236. Law of Hortensius, ly 
which the decrees of th« 
people had the force of thoa* 
of the senate. 



i8 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



283 B.C.- 



383 



SI 



The Pharos built at Alexan- 
dria, the first light-house on 
record. 

Philetams, of Pergamus, pa- 
tron of the arts, especially 
Architecture. 

Alexandria, the resort of the 
learned, and centre of trade. 

Chariots armed with scythes, 
and fortified camps, in use. 



276 



'267 



204 



Progress of Society, etc. 



First society of critics formed. 



Ptolemy makes a :anal from 

the Nile to the Red Sea. 
Silver money first coined. 



The Parian Chronicle com 

posed. 
Gladiators first exhibited at 

Rome. 



256 Berosus, the historian of Ba- 
bylon. 

255 The armillary sphere invented 
by Erastosthenes, who made 
the first attempt to determine 
the length of a degree. 



Greece instructs the Romans 
in the arts and sciences. 



The Jews. 



248. Onias II. high priest. 



232. The kinsdom of PER- 
GAMUS founded by Phile- 

tftTUS. 

281. Lysimachus defeated and 
killed by Seleucus.— Anlio- 
chus Soter succeeds Sale*- 
cus. 



266. Ariobarzanes III. 
Pontus. 



king »f 



262. Antiochus Soter deflated 
at Sardis. 



256. Kingdom of PARTHIA 
founded by Arsaces. 

255. The fourth imperial 
dynasty of China begins. 



252. Mithridates IV. be- 
sieged in his capital by the 
Gauls. 



»48 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



Africa. 



Ptolemy Philadelphia kinj 
Egypt. 



of 



-5i 



Egypt first sends ambassadors 
to Rome. 



Regulus invades Africa, and is 
defeated by Xantippus, a 
Spartan general. 



Mr'-sllus defeats Asdrubal. 



Greece. 



Rome, bto. 



2S3. Lysimachia destroyed by s8 3-. The Gauls and Etru- 
an earthquake. 



281. Lysimachus defeated and 
slain by Seleucus. 

The Achaean League of 
12 states, under Aratus, of 
Sicyon. 



279. Irrruption of the Gauls 

under Brennus. 
278. — they are defeated near 

Delphi. 
277. Antigonus Gonatus, kin 

of Macedon. 



274. Pyrrhus invades Mace 
don, defeats Antigonus, and 
is proclaimed king. 



272. Pyrrhus besieges Sparta 
and Argos — is slain, and An- 
tigonus is restored. 



268. Athens taken by Antigo- 
nus Gonatus. 

Second incursion of the 
Gauls into Macedon. 



2.3:1 Antigonus liberates 
Athens. 

Athens joins the Achaean 
league. 



251. Sicyon joins the Achaean 
league. 

250. The Romans begin to re- 
sort to Greece for improve- 
ment in knowledge. — Par- 
thia revolts from Macedon. 



281. The Tarentine War. 



280. The Tarentines seek the 
alliance of Pyrrhus, who 
conquers the Romans at 
Pandosia, and at 

279 — Asculum. 

278. Sicily conquered by Pyrr- 
hus. 



275. Curius defeats Pyrrhus, 
and compels him to leave 
Italy. 



272. Fall of Tarentum. 



266. Rome mistress of all Italy : 
census of the city 292,224. 

264. The first PUNIC WAR. 
— Appius Claudius drives 
Hiero from Syracuse. 

260. D u i 1 1 u s gains a vic- 
tory over the Carthaginian 
fleet. 

256. Regulus gains ano* 
ther victory. 

255. The Lacedemonians as- 
sisting Carthage. — Xantip- 
pus defeats Regulus, and 
takes him prisoner. 
54. Palermo besieged by the 
Romans. — About this time 
the Huns are first heard o£ 
governed by Teuman. 

249. Naval fight at Drapanum 



20 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



247 B.C.- 



340 



233 



:B5 



224 



219 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ag7 arianism attempted in 
Sparta, but is put down. 



Comedies first acted at Rome 
those of Livius Andronicus. 



The original MSS. of Mschy- 
lus, Euripides and Sopho- 
cles, lent by the Athenians 
to Ptolemy, on a pledge of 15 
talents. 



Fabius Pictor, the first Roman 
historian. 

Appollonius Rhodius, poet. — 
Chrysippus, Stoic philoso- 
pher. 

Archimedes, the mathemati- 
cian, demonstrates the pro- 
perties of the lever, and 
other mechanical powers, 
also the art of measuring 
solids and surfaces,and conic 
sections — constructs aplane- 
tarium. 



The art of Surgery introduced. 
An eclipse of the moon ob- 
served in Asi& Minor. 



The Jews. 



237. Simon II., High Priest. 



246. Antiochus II. poisoned 
by his wife. 



241. Attalus I., king of 
Peroranius. 



226. Seleucus III., k. of Syria. 



224. The Colossus of Rhsde* 
thrown down. 



213. Chi HorgTi destroys tht 
records of the Chinese em- 
pire. 

211. Antiochua tt • 
Great, king 0/ Syria. 



211 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



21 



247 



«27 



Africa. 



Harailcar Barcas, general of 

the Carthaginians. 
Ptolemy Eurgetes subdues Sy 

ria. 



End of the Libyan War. 
Hamilcar with Hannibal, pass- 
es into Spain. 



Carthagena in Spain, built by 
Asdrubal. 



m 



Ptolemv Philopater, king of 
Egypt. 



Conquests of Hannibal, 
the Carthaginian, ii Spain: 
He crosses the AIjm. 



243. Corinth taken by Aratus. 

242. Demetrius II., of Mace- 
don. 

241. Agis, king of Sparta, put 
to death for attempting to es- 
tablish an Agrarian law. 

240. Cleanihus, the Stoic, 
starves himself. 



232. Philip III., of Macedon. 



228. Roman ambassadors first 
appear at Athens and Co- 
rinth. 

The fortress of the Athe- 
naeum built. 



226. Cleomenes, king of Spar- 
ta, defeats the Achseans. — 
Lyscades killed. — The Agra- 
rian law restored. 

225. The Romans send another 
embassy to Greece. They 
are admitted to a share in 
the Isthmian games, and 
granted the freedom of Ath- 



223. Cleomenes takes Megalo- 
polis. 
222. Battle of Sellasia. 



220. The SocialWai 
— Philip, of Macedon, as- 
sists the Acheeans. — Cleome- 
nes dies in Eyypt.— Agesi- 
polis and Lycitrgus elected 
kings of Sparta. 

218. Acanania ceded to Philip. 



215. Aratus poisoned 

.lEeium. 
214. First Macedonian War. 



211. Alliance of Philip with 
Hannibal. 



Rome, etc. 



247. Hamilcar defeats the Ro 
mans at Liliboeum. 



241. End of the first Punic 
War. 



231. Sardinia and Corsica coo 
quered by Rome. 



225. The Gauls repulsed in 

Italy. 



224. The Romans first crosi 

the Po. 
223. Colonies of Placen- 

t i a and Cremona. 
222. Insubria (Milan) and Ligu- 

ria (Genoa) conquered by 

Rome. 



219. Hannibal takes Sagun- 
turn, and crosses the Alps. 



218. The Second P u N 1 a 
War .—The Romans de- 
feated by Hannibal at T i - 
c i n i s and T r e b i a . 

217. F 1 a m i n i u s defeated 
at Thrasymene. 

216. Varro at Cannae to- 
totally defeated by Hannibal. 
Fabius Maximue 
Dictator. 

212. Syracuse and Sicily con- 
quered by M a r c e 1 1 u s . 
— Archimedes killed. 

211. The Carthaginians driver 
from Capua. 



32 



22 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



2IO B.C.- 



«. c. Progress op Society, etc, 



*y> 



> 



AU 



200 



US 



188 



m 



180 



Ennius, of Calabria, poet: 
Sotion, of Alexandria. £ 
grammarian. 

Plautus, of Umbria, the co 
mic poet; Appollonius, of 
Perga, mathematician; Ze 
no, of Tarsus, the philoso 
pher. 

GoZd corned at Rome. 



The art of printing in China, 



Aristonymus 4th, librarian of 

Alexandria. 
Caius Lelius, the Roman 

orator. 



Books, with leaves of vellum, 
introduced by Attalus. king 
of Fergamus, in lieu of rolls. 



A total eclip&e of the sun at 

Rome. 
Asiatic luxuries brought to 

Rome. 



A comet visible 80 days. 
Bion and Moschus, comic 
poets. 

Slatius Ccecilius, comic poet. 



The Jews. 



203. Judea Conquered <jy 
Antiochus the Great. 



201. Onias III., High Priest. 



200 Jesus, the son of Sirach, 
writes Ecclesiasticus. 



198. The Jews assist Antio- 
chus in expelling Scopas and 
the Egyptian troops from 
Jerusalem. 

First mention of a Senate or 
Sanhedrim. 



206. The dynasty of Han in 
China. 



197. Eumenes, king of Perga- 

mus. 
196. Hannibal joins Antiochus, 

who seizes the Thracian 

Chersonese. 



192. Syria at war with Rome. 
190. Scipio Asiaticus defeats 
Antiochus at Magnesia. 



187. Antiochus killed in the 
temple of Jupiter Belus. — 
Syria becomes a Roman 
province. 

186. The city of Artaxata 
(in Armenia) built. 

185. Seleucus IV., king of 
Syria. 

183. Pharnaces I., king of 
Pontus, conquers Sinope. 



179 B - c - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



23 



B.C. 


Africa. 


Greece. 


Rome, etc. 








210. Scipio takes New 






206. Battle of Lamia, near Elis. 


Carthage, and conquers As 






— Philip, of Macedon, de- 


drubal. 






feats the JEtolians. 


207. Nero and Livy defeat As- 
drubal at Metaurus — Asdru 
bal killed. 






206. Battle of Mantinea : 


20G. The Carthaginians driven 






Philopcemen, the Prae- 


out of Spain. 


205 


Ptolemy Epiphanes, king of 


tor of Achaia, defeats the 




204 


Egypt. 
The Roman general Scipio be- 


Spartans. 


204. Scipio carries the war 




sieges Utica, and takes in 




into Africa. 




one day the camps of Asdru- 








bal and Syphax. 








Ilannibal recalled.— Sophoms- 








ba poisoned by Masinissa. 






202 


Hannibal defeated at Z a m a . 
—End of the 2d Punic War. 


200. The Rhodians defeat the 
Macedonian fleet near Chios. 
— Siege of Abydos. — Second 
Macedonian War begins. 


201. Scipio carries Syphax is 
triumph to Rome. 


199 


Treaty of Carthage with Ma- 
sinissa, king of Numidia. 






198 


Egypt loses her Syrian posses- 


19S. The Achaeans and Spar- 






sions. 


tans join the Romans against 
Macedon. 








197. Philip III. defeated at Cy- 


197. Flaminius victorious in 






nocephalae by the Romans, 


Macedon. 






under Flaminius. 








195. Flaminius, the Roman, 


195. C a t in Spain. 






quarrels with Nabis, king of 




193 


Masinissa harasses the Cartha- 
ginians, and injures their 
commerce. 


Sparta. 


19^. War with Antiochus, of 
Syria, who is totally defeat- 






189. Epirus declared free by 


ed by L. C. Scipio, and 






the Romans. 








188. Philopoemen abrogates 


188. Syria is made a Roman 






che laws of Lycurgus in 


province. 






Sparta. 


1S7. Scipio Africanus banish- 
ed from Rome. 






1S3. Philopoemen defeated and 


183. Cato, the elder, censor 






killed by Dinocrates, king of 








Messinia. 


181. Plague at Rome. 


180 


Ptolemy Ptilo meter, king of 
Egypt 




180. Death of Scipio Africa- 






nus. 
179. Numa's books founi in ■ 








stone ctffin at Rome. 



24 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



179 B.C.- 



«. 0. Progress op Society, etc. 



\ I? o 
^169 



1G^ 



161 



150 



Paper invented in China. 

Polybius, historian of Greece 
and Rome. 

The comedies of Terence per 
formed. 

An eclipse of the moon, which 
was predicted by Q. S- Gal- 
lus. 

The first library opened at 
Rome, consisting of books 
brought from Macedon. 

The Roman treasury is so rich 
that the citizens pay no 
taxes. 

Hipparchus of Nice fixes the 
first degree of longitude and 
latitude' at Ferro, whose 
most western point was 
made the first general meri- 
dian—lays the foundation of 
Trigonometry. 

Philosophers and rhetoricians 
banished from Rome. 



The clepsydra or water clock 
invented by Scipio Nascia. 



Hipparchus. of Rhodes, astro- 
nomer. — Aristarchus, of 
Alexandria, grammarian. 



The Jews. 



176. Heliodorus in Jerusalem. 

175. Jason obtains the high 

priesthood by corruption. 

172. Jason defeated by Mene- 
laus. 



170. Jerusalem and the temple 
plundered by Antiochus 
Epiphanes, who attempts to 
abolish the Jewish religion, 
and commits great cruelties. 



167. Matthias, High Priest. 



I Do. Judas Maccabeus ex- 
pels the Syrians, and puri- 
fies the temple. 



161. Judas kills Nicanor — is 
succeeded by Jonathan. 

First treaty with the Ro- 
mans. 



153. Jonathan compels the Bac- 
chides to withdraw — is mur- 
dered by Tryphon. 



150. Jews take Jopra. 



Asia. 



172. Antiochus IV. (.Epipfaa 
ties) king of Syria. 

171 —declares war against Pto- 
lemy Philomater. 

170. An irruption of Tartan 
into China. 



166. Prusias, kit £ of Iithyrua. 



164. Antiochus Epiphanea 

died. 
162. Demetrius Soter, king ol 

Syria. 

Mithridates Philopater, 

king of Cappadocia. 



157. Mithridates V. 
Pontus. 



153. Ariarathes VII., 
Cappadocia. 



king &. 



king 



150. Alexander Bala kills D© 
metrius,and takes the throne 



149. Prusias, of Bithynia, kiL 
ed by his son Nicomecioa 



146 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



25 



Cato's embassy to Carthage, 



152 



146 



Missinissa defeats the Cartha 

ginians. 
Jiant reign of Philomater and 

Physcon in Egypt. 



Greece. 



178. Perseus, king of Mace- 
don. 



171. Third Macedonian War. 



168. Perseus defeated at Pyd 
na, by Paulus Emilius.— 
Macedon becomes a Ko 
man Province. 



165. Romans enter Achaia. 



ROMS, ETC. 



170. Tiberius and Caius 
Gracchus. 



167. Census 327,032. 



CARTIIAGE TAKEIH 

destroyed. 



and 



155 Embassy of Diogenes, 
Carniades, and Critolaus to 
Rome. 



152. Andriscus usurping the 
government of MacedSn, is 
conquered by Metellus. 



147. Metellus defeats the Ach- 
aeans in Greece. 

146. Corinth taken and de- 
stroyed by Mummius. — 
GREECE becomes a RO- 
MAN PROVINCE under 
the name of Achaia. 



155. Romans unsuccessful 

Spain. 



151. Defeat of Ga'.ba. 



49. Third Punic War. 



Conquest of Carthage and 
of Corinth. 

Greece annexed to the 
Roman empire. 



26 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



146 B.C.- 



■. c. 
U6 



143 



133 



130 



IS) 



Progress or Society, etc 



U0 



Alexandria, the centre of com- 
merce. 



Hipparchus begins his 
cycle of the moon. 



Toothed tchcels applied to the 
clepsydra by Ctesibius. 

Learning and learned men 
liberally patronized by Ptol- 
emy Physcon. 

Diodorus and Satyrus, peri- 
patetics ; Nicander. physi- 
cian and poet ; Lucius Ac- 
cius, tragic poet ; Aristobu- 
lus, the Jewish peripatetic. 

Equestrian order, a distinct 
class. 



Revival 0/ learning in China. 



The theory of eclipses known 
to the Chinese. 



L. Cozlius Antipater, histo- 
rian ; Lucillius, the first 
Roman satirist ; Apollodo- 
rus, of Athens, chronologist ; 
Castor, of Rhodes, chrono- 
logist; Anthemon, philoso- 
pher. 

Firsv' sumptuary law at Rome. 



The Jews. 



142. Simon, High Priest. 



135. End of the Apocrypha. — 
Jerusalem besieged by An- 
tiochus IV. 



130. John Hyrcanus delivers 
Judea from the Syrian yoke : 
— reduces Samaria and Idu- 
mea. 



103. Hyrcanus destroys Sama- 
ria. 

107. — succeeded by his son 
Ari>tobulus. who first as- 
sumes the title of king. 

105. Alexander Janneus at 
war with Egypt— takes Ga- 
za. — Rebellion excited by 
the Pharisees. 



Asia. 



137. Antiochus IV. (Sidetes), 
king of Syria. 



134. Antiochus invades Jude» 



130. Antiochus IV. defeateu 

and killed in a war with Par- 

thia. 
129. Demetrius II. (Nicator 

regains Syria. 
123. Mithridates the Great, 

kir.g of Pontus. 



Ei. Mithridates conquers 
Scythia, Uosphorus, Col- 
chis, ic. 



IOO B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



27 



IB 



Commerce of the world cen- 
tres at. Alexandria. 

Ptolemy Physcon becomes 
soie king of Egypt by the 
death of Frmomaier. 



Ptolemy Physcon driven from 
his throne for his cruelty. 

Pestilence in Egypt. 

Canhage rebuilt. 

Death "of Micipsa, king of 
Numidia. and the assassina- 
tion of Hiempsal by Jugur- 
tha. 

Ptolemy Lathyrus, king of 
Egypt. 

Jugurthine War. 



Alexander 1 . king of Egypt. 



Jugurtha is defeated and sur- 
renders N umidia to the Ho- 
wans. 



Roman Empire. 



In the East. 



133. Purgamus, a Roman 
Province. 



118. Dalmatia, a Roiran 
Province. 



In Europe. 



141. Numartian War. 

140. The Picts from the norta 

of England settle in Uk south 

of Scotland. 



135. Servile war in Sicily. 



i3j. Numantia destroyed by 
Scipio : Spain becomes a 
Roman Province. 

Death of Tiberius Grac- 
chus. 



123. Tribunate of Oaiui 
Gracchus. 



113. First great migration of 
the German nations. 



109. War of the Teutoni and 
Cimbri. 



105. Numidia becomes a Ro- 
man province by the defeat 
of Jugurtha. 

104 The Teutoni defeat SO.000 
Romans on the banks of the 
Rhone. 

102. M a r i u s victorious 
over the Teutoni and Ambro- 
nes at Aquae Sextae. 

101. Marius and Catullus de- 
feat the Cimbri. 

100. Marius buys his sixth con- 
sulate. 

Banishment of Metellna 



28 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



99 B.C.- 



1.0 Progress op Society, etc. The Jews. 



66 



Libraries of Athem sent to 
Rome by Syiia. 



Decline of Agriculture in 
Italy; corn supplied from 
the provinces. 

Posidonius calculates the 
height of the atmosphere to 
be about 800 stadia. 

Zeno, of Sidon, the Epicurean ; 
Apellicon of Athens ; Alex- 
ander Pulyphistor,ihe gram- 
marian ; Photius Gallus, 
rhetorician ; Q. Valerius 
Antias., Roman historian ; 
Q. Hortensius, orator. 

The cherry tree brought to 
Europe from Asia by Lu- 
cullus. — Terentius Varro 
writes three books on agri- 
culture. 

The Romans possess gold 
mines in Asia Minor. Mace- 
donia, Sardinia and Gaul ; 
and productive silver mines 
in Spain. 

The first water mill described 
near a dwelling of Mithri- 
dates. 

Ebony introduced at Rome by 
Pompey. 

Vikramaditya king of Ozenc, 
in India, patron of literature 
— at his court flourish Ame- 
ra Sinka, lexicographer; 
Vararucht, grammarian ; 
Kalidasa, poet. 



79. Alexandra, widow of Jan- 
neus, governs Judea. 



70. Hyrcanus II., High Priest, 
deposed by his brother Aris- 
tobulus. 

67. Aristobulus and Hyrcanus 
appeal to Pompey, who en- 
ters Judea and takes Jerusa- 
lem, and restores Hyrcanus 
to the priesthood. 



63. JUDEA A ROMAN FRO- 
VINCE. 



Asia. 



9S. China sti submits to th« 
Han dynasty ; S e m a t - 
z i n , Emperor. 

97. Mithridates conquers Cap- 
padocia. 

95. Cappadocia declared free 
by Rome. — Ariobarzanea 
elected king. 

94. Antioohus, king of Syria> 
defeated ty Seleucus. 

93. Tigranes, king of Arme- 
nia." 



Pontus at war with Romo. 



86. Mithridates takes Bythi- 
nia and several Roman pro- 
vinces. 

83. Tigranes made king of 
Syria. 



75. By the death of Nicome- 
des Bythinia becomes a 
orovince. 



70. Damascus possessed by 

the Romans. 
09. Mithridates and Tigranes 

defeated byLucullus. 
66. Mithridates defeated by 

Pompey. 

65. Antiochus XII. defeated 
by Pompey. — The race of 
the Seleucidse becomes ex- 
tinct. — Ariobarzanes II., 
king of Cappadocia. — An 
earthquake in Bosphorua 
lays in ruins several towns. 

64. Dejotarus, kins of Galatia, 
seizes Armenia Minor. 

53. Pharmaces, kingofFontu* 



63 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



2 9 



97 



S2 



Africa. 



By the death of Ptolemy 
Apion, Cyrene becomes a 
Roman province. 



Revolt in tJpper Egypt.— 

Thebss destroyed. 
Alexander II., king of Egypt. 



Ptolemy Atiietes, 
Egypt 



kins of 



Roman Empire. 



In Asia and Africa. 



97. Annexation of Cyrene. 



89. Mithridatic War; Sylla 
commands the Roman army. 

88. The Athenians seek as- 
sistance from Mithridates 
against Rome. 

86. Athens, reduced by famine, 
is taken by Sylla. 

83. Second Mithridatic War. 
82. Svlla plunders the temple 
of Delphi. 



In Europe. 

99. L u s i 1 a n i a conquered 
by Dolabella, and becomes 
a Roman province.— Birth 
of Julius Caesar. 



Social War in Italy. 



?. Sylla defeating the 
Marsi and Peligni, puts an 
end to the Social War. 

Civil War between Ma- 
rius and Sylla. 



82. Sylla defeats Marius, and 
is created perpetual dictate* 



SO. JULIUS CiESAR'S Fir^t V 
79. Pompey defeats Dc- ' Campaign. 
mitius in Africa. 



75. Bythinia a Roman 
Province. 



74. Third Mithridatic War 
under Lucullus. 



66. Metellus subdues Crete. 
P n t u s becomes a 

Roman Province. 
65. Syria, a Roman 

Province. 



77. Sertorius revolts in Spam 
and defeats Metellus and 
Pompey. 



73. War of Spartacus, the 
gladiator. 

71. Spartacus defeated by 
Crassus. 



70. Pompey and Crassus 

Consuls. 
69. Census 450,090. 



65. M. T. Cicero, Consul. 



63. Catiline's Conspiracy 
detected and suppressed 
by Cicero. 



32* 



SO 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



62 B.C - 



». 0. Progress op Society, etc 



62 



45 



Magnificent houses of the 
nobles; marble theatre of 
Scaurus, to hold 30,000 spec- 
tators. 

Cicero, statesman and orator ; 
Sallust, historian; Lucre- 
tius and Catullus, poets; 
Apollonius, of Rhodes, rhe- 
torician ; Aristomedes, of 
Crete, grammarian ; Andro 
nicus, of Rhodes, peripate 
tic philosopher. 



Iron chain cables used by the 
Veneti. 



A water mill on the Tiber at 
Rome. 



The Alexandrian library (400,- 
000 vols.) burnt. 

The year of confusion — so 
called because the calendar 
was altered by Sosigenes. 



Cmsar reforms the Calendar, 
by introducing the solar in- 
stead of the lunar year. — 
First Julian year. — Vitru- 
vius, the greatest Roman ar- 
chitect. 

Cornelias Nepos, historian; 
Dio-iorus Siculus. histo- 
rian. 



The Jews. 



Asia. 



53. Crassus plunders the tem- 
ple of 10,000 talents. 



48. Ami pater, the Idumean, is 
made lieutenant in Judea by 
Caesar. 



43. Judea oppressed by Cras- 
sus. 

Malichus poisons Anti- 
pater. 

). Herod the Great, son of 
Antipater, defeats his rival, 
Antisjonus, and Parcorus. 
the Parthian— takes Jerusa- 
lem—marries Mariamne — is 
made king by the Romans. 



53. Parthian War.— The Ro- 
mans defeated. — Crassus 
slain. 



49. The era of A ntioch. 



47. Battle of Zela.— Phar- 
naces conquered by Caesar. 



44. A comet seen in China. 



39. The Parthians, under 
Pacorus, defeated by 
Ventidius. 

Darius, king of Pontus. 

38. Ariobarzanes dethroned 
by Marc Antony. 



38 B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



31 



id 



Ptoiemy goes to Rome, Bere 
lice reigns in his absence. 



The African War. — Scipio 
and Juba defeated at 
Thapsus. — Cato kills him- 
self at Utica. — Ptolemy 
Dionysius drowned in the 
Nile. 

Caesar rebuilds Carthage. 



Cleopatra poisons her brother 
a f a rei?ns alone 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



53. Crassus defeated and killed 
in Parthia. 



48. Thessaly becomes the seat 
of war.— The Athenians de- 
clare for Caesar against Pom- 
pey. 

Battle of Pharsaha: — Pom- 
pey, defeated by Caesar, flees 
into Egypt, and is slain there. 

47. Caesar takes Alexandria, 
and conquers Egypt. — Cae- 
sar victorious at Zela, in 
Asia. 

45. Corinth rebuilt by Caesar, 



West. 



60. First Triumvirate :— 
Pompey,Crassus, and Juliui 
Caesar. 

Sciold, first king of Den- 
mark. —Boh a fierce son 
of Odin. 

58. Clodius procures the ban 
ishment of Cicero. — The 
Helvetii defeated by Julius 
Caesar. 

57. Cicero recalled. — Sal- 
lust expelled from the 
senate.— Gylf, king of Swe- 
den. 

55. Caesar passes the 
Rhine, defeats the Ger- 
mans and Gauls, and In 
vades Britain. 

54. Caesar's second invasion 
of Britain. 

52. Pompey, sole consul. 

51. Caesar completes the con- 
quest of Gaul, which be- 
comes a Roman province. 

49. Cassar passes the 
Rubicon, and in sixty 
days makes himself master 
of Italy— marches into Spain 
and forces Pompey's troopa 
to surrender. 

48. Battle of Dyrrhachium. 



45. Caesar perpetual 
dictator — he subdues 
the two sons of Pompey, and 
acquires the sole power. 

44. Caesar assassinated in the 
Senate House. 

43. Second Triumvirate:— 
Octavius Caesar, Marc An- 
tony, and Lepidus. — Cicero 
proscribed and murdered. 

42. The Battle of Philippi :— 
Antony and Octavius defeai 
Brutus and Cassius. 



32 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



36 B.C.- 



g. c. Progress of Society, etc. 



30 



29 



5 



Golden age of Roman litera- 
ture. 

The revenue of the empire 
amounts to about 40 millions 
sterling. — First standing ar- 
my in Rome. — Direct trade 
of Rome with India. — Silk 
and linen manufactories 
in the empire. 

Temple of Janus at Rome 
closed — there being now a 
general peace. 



Treasures of Egyptian art 
brought to Rome.— The Pan- 
theon built. 

Horace, Virgil, Tibullus, 
Propertius, poets; Varrus 
and Tucca, critics; Livy, 
historian ; Maecenas, minis- 
ter of Augustus, patron of 
literature: Strabo, geogra- 
pher; jEmilius Macer, of 
Verona, poet ; Agrippa, war- 
rior, and patron of the arts. 

Warship of Isis at Rome. 

Pantomimic dances intro- 
duced on the Roman stage. 



Aqueducts constructed by 
Agrippa. 

Dedications of bvsks first in- 
troduced. 



The legions distributed over 
the provinces in fixed camps, 
which soon grew into cities 
— among them were Bonn 
and Mayence. 

The calendar corrected by 

Augustus. 
Dionysius, of Hcdicarnassus, 

historian ; and Dionysius. 

geographer. 
BIRTH OF OUR SAVIOUR, 



The Jews. 



30. Herod kills Mariamne. 



19. The Temple rebuilt by 
Herod— he a!30 builds Cy- 
pron, Antipatris, Pharsaelis, 
and the tower of Plvisael in 
Jerusalem. 



5. Cyrenius taxes Judea. 

JESUS CHRIST, 4 years be- 
fore the Vulgar Era. 

3. Archelaus succeeds Herod 
with the title of Ethnarch. 



34. Antony takes possession 
of Armenia, which Irecomet 
a Roman province — leadi 
an inglorious expedition 
against Parthia. 



29. E p h e s u s , next to 
Alexandria, the chief plac« 
of trade in the Roman era 
pire. 



to. Porus, king of India, 
solicits an alliance with 
Rome. 

Parthians defeated by 
Tiberius. 

.4. Polemon conquers Bos- 
porus. 



B.C. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



33 



Africa. 



36 Cleoj »tra obtains from An- 
tony a grant of Phoenicia, 
Cyrene and Cyprus. 

34 j— receives all Asia from the 
Mediterranean to the Indus. 



Cieopatra and Marc Antony 
deieated by Octavius, at 
Actium. 



80 Alexandria taken by Octavius. 
—Antony and Cleopatra de- 



Roman Empire. 



East. 



oy themselvt-. 
Egypt beco mbe 
man provides 



i Bo- 



21. Athens finally subjected *o 

Rome. 
20. CXCth Olympiad. 



8. Tiberius at Rhodes. 

5. Q. Varrus appointed gov- 
ernor of Syria, and Cyre- 
nius governor of Judea. 



West. 



36. Sextus Pompey defeated 
in Sicily. 



32. Antony quarrels with Oc- 
tavius. 

31. By the BATTLE OF AC- 
TIUM Octavius acquire* 
the empire. 

30. THE REPUBLIC BE 
COMES A MONARCHY 



29. Octavius's 3 days triumph 
at Rome. 

Temple of Janus shut 
Rome contains 4,101,01? 
citizens. 
27. The titles of Ausustus and 
Emperor conferred on Octa- 
vius for 10 years. 



23. Agrippa in Spain. 



22. Conspiracy of Mureena. 

21. Augustus visits Greece 
and Asia. 

16. Lollius defeated by the 
Germans. 

15. Cantabria, Austria, Rhce- 
bia, Vindelencia and Moesia 
become Roman provinces- 
being conquered by Dru 

13. Augustus assumes the 
title of Pontifex Maximus. 

12. Pannonia, conquered bj 
Tiberius, becomes a Ro- 
man province. 

11. Germany subdued i-v Ger 
manicus. 



4. Cymbeline, king of Brita:n. 



PART II. 
MODERN CHRONOLOGY 

FROM THE CHRISTIAN ERA TO THE PRESENT TIME 



36 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



I A.D.- 



30 



4S 



&0 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Celaus the physician; PhcrArus. the fabu- 
list ; VeUius Paterculus, Roman histo- 
rian. 



Sacred. 



The BIRTH OF CHRIST :— (see p. 44.) 
Herod Antipas being at this time tetrarca 
of Galilee. 



8. Christ reasons with the doctors. 



The Druids in Germany 



Philo, Alexandrian Jew, disciple of Plato. 
Seneca, moral philosopher. 



Valerius Maximus, historian. 

Appion, of Alexandria, grammarian, called 
the "Trumpet of the World." 



A census being taken by Claudius, the em- 
peror and censor, the inhabitants of Rome 
are found to amount to 6,900,000.— ( Univ. 
Hist.)— [More than three times the number 
6f London at present.] 

Columella, born in Spam ; left twelve books 
on husbandry. 



25. Pontius Pilate, gorernor of Judea. 

26. John the Baptist begins his ministry. 

27. Christ baptized by John 

28. —at the marriage in Cana. — Matthew 
called. 

29 Twelve disciples sent abroad, " two and 
two." 

30. CRUCIFIXION of our SAVIOUR, Fri- 
day, April 3, at 3 P. M. ; Resurrection, 
Sunday, April 5; Ascension, Thursday. 
May 4. 

33. St. Peter baptizes Cornelius. 

34. St. Paul converted to Christianity. 

39. St. Matthew writes his gospel. 

40. The disciples first called Christians ai 
Antioch. 

41. Herod's persecution ; St. Peter imprisoned 



44. St. Mark writes his gospel. — Death of 

St. James. 
43. Barnabas and Paul preach in Cyprus. 



50 Paul preaches in the Areopagus, at Athec 
52. Council of the Apostles at Jerusalem. 
55. Paul preaches at Ephesus, and at C«sa 



57. — pleads before Felix. 
59. —pleads before Festus, and appeal* te 
C«Bsar. 



59 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



37 



Roman Empire. 



East. 
Caius Cesar makes peace with the Parthians. 



26 



Germanicus conquers Cappadc cia. 
Germanicus poisoned at Antioch. 



Thrace becomes a Roman province. 



West. 

Tiberius returns to Rome. 

3. Cinna's conspiracy detected. 

—Caius Cassar dies. 
6. d. Varrus encamped on the Weser, go*- 
ems Lower Germany like a Roman pr« 
vince. 
9. The Germans, under Arminius, defeat and 
kill Varrus. 
Ovid is banished to Tomos. 
14 Augustus dies at Nola, aged 76, and is 
succeeded bv 



Tiberius 



19. The Jews banished from Rome. — The 

Marcomanni conquered by Drusus. 
21. The theatre of Pompey destroyed by Sre. 



Tiberius retires to Caprsea. 



31. Sejanus disgraced and put to death. 

33. Conquest of Mauritania. 
S7. Tiberius dies, aged 78. 



-Caligula, 



(noted for his profligacy and folly.) 
41. Caligula assassinated by Chereas. 



Claudius* 



succeeds to the throne. 
43. —invades Britain with his general, Pl« 

tius. 

45 Vespasian, general in Britain. 
48. Census of the city, 6,900,000. 



51. Caractacus, the chief of the Britons, co» 
quered and brought to Rome. 



Nero 



a proflisate and bloody tyrant 
55. —poisons Britanicus. 
56 Rotterdam built. 



59. Nero's mother, Agrippina, put to death by 
his order. 



38 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



59 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Nerc's golden palace built; of great extent, 
invlosmg fields, &c. The buildings in 
Rome more regular after the fire. 



Pliny, the elder, author of the first natural 
history ; Quintius Curtius, historian ; Per- 
sius, satirist. 



67 Jossphus, the Jewish historian. 



rhe Coliseum of Vespasian. 



sj 



' 



The Capitol rebuilt. 
Circumnavigation of Scotland. 
Destruction of Herculaneum and Pompeii. 



Very beautiful paintings in the BatLs of 
Titus ; the group of the Laocoon. 

QuintiJlian, orator; Valerius Flaccus, poet 
Martial, Epigrammatist ; Apollonius, Py 
thagoiean philosopher; Ejiictetus, sioic 
Dio Chrysostom, Greek rhetorician and phi- 
losopher ; Philo Bifi 'us ; Ignatius and Pa- 
pias, two of the fathers of the church. 



Tacitus, historian; Juvenal, satirist; Sta- 
tius, poet ; Aul. Gellius, Latin gramma 
rian; Plutarch, moralist and biographer 
the younger Pliny. 



The Ulpian library; Public schools in all 
the provinces ; Jurisprudence flourishes ; 
the city adorned with the Forum ; Pillar 
of Trajan, and baths; bridge built over 
the Danube. 



Sacred and Ecclesiastical. 



59. Paui is shipwrecked on the Island V 
Melita (Malta). 

60. Paul imprisoned at Rome 

63. Paul set at liberty. 

64. The first persecution of Christian* by 

Aero. 

63 to 66. Paul visits Jerusalem, and traveli 
through the greater part of the known 
world. 

66. Pope Linus.* 

The Jews at war with the Romans, and 
Paul beheaded. 
St. Peter crucified. 

67. The Jews massacred by Florus.— Josephus, 
governor of Galilee. 

Pope St. Clement.— Gamaliel. 
63. Vespasian invades Judea. 



70. The destruction of Jerusalem, by Titus 



77. Pope St. Cletus 



83. Pope Anacletus. 



95. Second persecution of the Christians by 

Domitian. 
St. John writes his Gospel and Apoca< 

lypse, and is banished to the isle of Pa'.aa m 
96." Pope Evanstus 



Timothy stoned. 

St. John returns from exile. 

Christian assemblies prohibited by Trajan 



* The word Pope is used in accordanca 
with the Roman Catholic usage, though th« 
name was not adopted by their Pontiffs UH 
several centuries alter. 



98 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



39 



Roman Empire. 



ftj 



65 



East. 



Corbub subdues Armenia. 



Tiridates placed on the throne of Armenia by 
Nero. 



Juriea subdued and Jerusalem destroyed by 

Titus. 
Vespasian conquers Lycia, Rhodes, Thrace, 

Cilicia, Byzantium and Samos. 
Revolt of the Parthians. 



West. 



61. Revolt of the Britons under queen Boa 
dicea; they burn London. The queen, de- 
feated by Suetonius, poisons herself. 

64. Nero sets Rome on fire, and accuses th« 
Christians of the crime. 

—persecutes the Christians— Seneca, L& 
cian, and others put to death. 



68.- 



Galba, 



reigns 9 months, and is put to death by 



Otho, 



(2 months) defeated and killed by 



V i t e 1 1 i u: 



who is defeated by the army of 
Vespasian. f|f 



77. A srreat plague at Rome, 10,000 dying >r. 
one day. 



79. T i t u s , Hf 

(beneficent.) 
Herculaneum and Pompeii destroy td 
by an irruption of Vesuvius. 
80. Julius Agricola, conqueror and govern o\ 
of Britain, reduces Wales, enters Caledom a. 



81.- 



Domitian, i§§ 
( a cruel tyrant.) 



86. Dercebal, leader of the German hordes, 
defeats Domitian, and compels him to pays 
yearly tribute. 

88'. Capitoline and secular games. 
War with Dacia 15 years. 



96. Domitian put to death by Stephanu«. 



N e r v a , 



(well intentioned but enfeebled by age.) 



<R 



Trajan, 



(a sreat sovereign and a wamor.) 
The Roman Empire at its greavaet extent 
J. Severus, general in Britain 



40 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



IOO A.D.- 



137 






IX 



132 



166 



i So 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The fist credible historian among the 
Chinese. 



The great buildings of Palmyra.- 

the Sun at Baalbec. 
The Roman mosaics. 



■ Temple of 



Jurisprudence improved by the publishment 
of Adrian's perpetual code. 

Ptolemy, the celebrated Egyptian astronomer 
and geographer — Arrian, Appian, Maxi- 
mus, Lysius and Pausanius, Greek histo 
rians ; Lucian, a satirical writer ; Hermo- 
genes, rhetorician of Tarsus. 



Tschang Heng, the Chinese astronomer 



Ualen, Greek physician ; Ath&neus, a gram- 
marian; Diogenes Laertius, Greek histo- 
rian. 



The equestrian statue of Marcus Aurelius. 



Ecclesiastical. 



100. St. John dies at Ephesus, aet. 94, 



107. Third persecution of the Christiana fc} 

Trajan. 
lOd St. Ignatius devouied by wild beasts. 
Pope Alexander I. 



118. Fourth persecution of the Christian! ty 
Adrian. 

119. Pope Sixtus I. 



126. Quadratus, bishop of Athens. 

127. Pope Telesphorus. 

130. Heresy of Prodicus, chief of the Ada- 
mites. 



134. Heresy of Marcion, who acknowledges 

three Gods. 
13.3. Poly carp and Aristides, Christian fathers 

139. Pope Hygenus. 



142. Pope Pius I. 

Heresy of Valentine. 



150. Pope Anicetus. 

Canon of Scripture fixed about this time 

154. Justin Martyr publishes his apology fo 
the Christians. 



162. PopeSoter. 



167. Polycarp and Pionices martyred in 



171. Pope Eleutherus. 

177. '1 he Christians persecuted at Lyons- 
Theophilus, Tatian, and Montanas. 



1S5. Pope Victor ] 
St Irenceu*. 



185 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



41 



Roman Empire. 



102 



m 



East 



Plicy, proconsul in Bithynia, sends Trajan his 
account of the Christians.— Great victories 
of Trajan. 



Trajan's expeditioi against the Parthians. 

Seizure of Ctesiphon. 

Armenia Major again governed by its own 
kings dependent upon Rome. 

Nicomedia and other cities destroyed by an 
earthquake. 



Adrian in Asia Minor for seven years. 

Adrian rebuilds Jerusalem, under the name of 

iElia Capitolina, and erects there a temple 

to Jupiter. 
The rebellion of the Jews crushed after a war 

of five years. — The Jews banished fiom 

Judea. 



Went. 



100. The Huns emigrate westw ax i. 

101. Trajan reduces Dacia. 



115. Massacre of the Greeks and Ron uu 
the Jews of Cyrene. 



117. 



Adrian 



160 



Embassy sent by Antoninus to China. 



War with the Parthians, lasts 3 years. 



120. —makes 1 progress through all the 

121. provinces-visits Br/tain. builds there 
a wall from the Tyne to Solway Frith.— A 
wall built from the Rhine to the Danube. 



133. — Antoninus Pius, f|f 

(eminent for his virtues and love ol peace.) 
140. Lollius Urbicus extends the Roman do- 
minion in Britain, and erects a second ram- 
part, called the Wall of Antoninus. 

145. Antoninus defeats the Moors, Germans, 
and Dacians. 

146. —introduces the worship of Serapis Into 
Rome. 

152. — stops the persecution of the Christians. 



161.— Marcus Aurelius, f|§f (Anto- 
ninus,) 
(the stoic philosopher.) 
Escape of the thundering legion. 
158. Plague over the whole known world 



169. The Marcomanni at war with Rome. 



180. The emperor aies at Sirmium: 
ceeded by 



Commodus 



(profligate and cruel ;) makes peace 

with the Germans. 
GOTHS in Dacia. 



4 2 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



^288 



.'15 



Papinian, the greatest civil lawyer of ana 
quity — Julius Africanus, chronologer. 



Caracalla grants the right of Roman citizen 
ship to all the provinces, that they may be 
come liable to the taxes, inheritances, &c 



L'33 



Am?nonius, founder of a new school of Pla- 
tonic philosophy at Alexandria. 
Dio Cassius, Greek historian. 



Censorius, a critic and grammarian. 



Herodian, Greek historian. 
Longinus, philosopher and ;ritic 



197. Pope Zephynnua. 



202. Fifth persecution of the Christiana undei 
Severus. — Tertullian, an able defender of 
Christianity.— Clemens, of Alexandria, and 
Minutius Felix, C. F.* 



17. Pope Calixtus I. 

The Septuagint found in a caak. 



228. Pope Urban I. 

234. Pope Pontianus. 

235. Anterus. 

Origen, C. F. 

Sixth persecution of the Christians, undet 
Maximums, in which Leonid as, Irena.ua, 
Victor, Perpetua, and Felicitas are mar 
tyred. 



244. Gregory Thaumaturgus, and Bionytiw 
of Alexandria, C. F. 



250. Pope St. Cornelius. 

Seventh persecution of the Christiana 



* Christian Father. 



250 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



43 



Roman Empire. 



East. 
The SARACENS defeat the Romans. 



iii-j 



PERSIA ; the new kingdom begun by Artax 
erxes ; (the dynasty of the Sassasidae). 

Parthia tributary to Persia. 



Gordian iefeats the Persians under Sapor 



West. 

189. The Capitol of Rome destroyed by light 
ning. 

191. Rome nearly destroyed by fire. 

192. Commodus assassinated by Martia am 
Laetus. 



193. 



P e r t i n a x 



proclaimed by the Praetorian guards- 
murdered after a reign of 3 months. — The 
empire bought by Didius Julianas, who 
is put to death by order of the senate. 

Septimus Severus ,^§f 

(governs with vigor.) 
—defeats his competitors, Niger and Albi- 
nus. 
194. —besieges Byzantium. 
202. —persecutes the Christians. 
203 —his sons Caracalla and Ge'a go to Bri- 
tain, where 50,000 Roman troops died ol 
plasue. , 

The wall of Severus between the Forth 
and the Clyde built. 

211. Severus dies at York, in Britain. 

Caracalla and Geta.@ ■ 

Caracalla murders Geta. 

212. —visits the provinces along the Danubt 
—Wars with the Catti and Alemanni. 

217. Caracalla is assassinated. ^ 



Macrinus 



put to death by the so 

218. Heliogabalus, f|| 

(a monster of vice and cruelty.) 

22-2.- Alexander Severus ,® 

(a beneficent and enlightened prince.) 
The Romans agree to pay an annual tri- 
bute to the Goths, to prevent them from 
molesting the empire. 
226. The victory ol Severus over the Persians 
at Tadmor. 

235. Severus murdered in a mutiny of the 

army ; succeeded by 
M a x i m i n u s , 



who defeats the Dacians and llarmatians. 

236. Maximinus assassinated by his troops 
near Aquilea. 

— Balbinus and Gordian, W - 
241. The FRANKS first mentioned in his 

tory : they invade Gaul. 
244. —are repulsed at Moguntiacum. 
Gordian put to death by 



■Philip 



?(the Arabian,"*- 



who makes makes peace with Sapor. 
247. The secular games restored. 



049 • Decius ^0 — 

persecutes the Christians. 
250 —slain by the Goths, who mvada th« 
empire by crossing the Danube. 



44 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 25 1 A.D.- 



251 



a&> 



27U 



274 



Progress .p Society, etc. 



Plotinus. 

Odin in Scandinavia. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Cyprian, bishop of Carthage.— Mo 
ife ori° ' 



Paulus, a Roman poet. 



Longinus at the court of Zenobia. 



Rome surrounded with a wall. 
Longinus dies. 



Porphyry, the Greek philosopher and opposer 

of Christianity. 
Extraordinary naval expedition of the Thra- 

cian Franks in t >j Mediterranean and 

Northern Seas. 



E4 



Diocletian's Oriental form of government — 
the monarchy considerea hereditary— nomi- 
nation of Caesars as co-rulers. 

Diocletian's baths, containing 3,000 benches 
of white marble, while the walls were 
adorned with paintings. 



251. St 
nastic life originates about this time. 

Dispute between the churches of Ronw 
and Africa about baptism. 



259 Pope Dionvsius 



262. Paul, bisnop of Samosatia, dei ue lb« 
divinity of Jesus Christ 



269. Pope Felix I. 

272. Ninth persecution under Aurelian. 



274. Pope Eutychianes. 

Manes originates the heresy of the MaiA- 
chaeans — rejects all the sacraments ; refusw 
allegiance to temporal sovereigns, &c. 



2S3. Pope Caius. 

The Jewish Talmud ara Targum rono 
posed. 
Paul, the Theban, the first hermit.— Reh 
gious ceremonies multiplied.— Fagaa rite* 
imitated by the Christians. 



36. Hierax, chief of the Hieraxians ; assert* 
that Melchizedec was the Holy Ghost, and 
denies the resurrection. 



287 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



45 



Roman Empire. 



251 



East. 



HUNS 1 the Caspian Sea. 



<259 



264 



<S80 



The Persians victorious in Asia Minor. 
Peisia :— Sapor's victory over the Roman 

arms. 
The temple of Diana at Ephesus burnt. 
Sapor, the Persian, takes Antioch, Tarsus and 

Caesarea. 

Odenatus, king of Palmyra— he is succeeded 

by his wife. 
Z e n o b i a, who reigns with the titles of 

'Augusta,' and ' Queen of the East.' 



Zenobia conquers Egypt, a part of Armenia, 

and Asia Minor. 
Zenobia defeated at Edessa, by Aurelian, who 

destroys her magnificent capital, and carries 

her to Rome. 



The Persians defeated bv Probua 



251. 



West. 



G a 1 1 u s 



purchases a peace with the Goths.— Con- 
federacy of the Franks between the Rhnu 
and Elbe. 

— a great pestilence prevails in the empire 



Emiliar.as. 



Valerian. 



—is successful against the Germans and 

Goths. 
256-69. Four great piratical expeditions if tkft 

Goths into Asia Minor and Greece. 
259. Valerian defeated and taken prisoner and 

flayed alive by the Persians. 



G a 1 1 i e n u s 



Period of the 30 tyrants. 
The Persians penetrate to Ravenna. 
264. Alliance with Odenatus. 

267. Cleodamus and Athenius defeat the Goths 
and Scythians. 

268. GaU'ienus killed at Milan. 



•Claudius II 



defeats an army of 320,00(J 
-dies at Sirmium. 



oths. 



Aurelian, 



271. 



(a great warrior.) 
-defeats the Goths and Alemanni. 



273 — reduces Palmyra after an heroic resist- 
ance, and takes queen Zenobia prisoner. 

274. France, Spain, and Britain reduced to 
obedience. 

The Temple of the Sun at Rome burnt.— 
Dacia {riven up to the barbarians. 

275. Aurelian killed near Byzantium. 
An interregnum of 6 months. 



Ta c i t u 



(a descendant of the historian,) 
reigns with wisdom 6 months. 



277.- 



Probus 



(a warlike prince.) 
—obtains several victories over the barba- 
rians.— The Franks permitted by Probus te 
settle in Gaul. 
282. Probus slain by his soldiers. 



C a r u s 



killed by lightning. 

Carinus and Numerianus 

(effeminate and cruel.) 
288. Fingal, king of Morven, dies. 



284.- 



Diocletian 

sends ambassadors to 



Jhina. 



"The Era of Diocletian," or of "the 
martyrs," August 29. 
287. Britain usurped by Carausius, who reigns 
7 years. The empire attacked by the r ofth- 
ern barbarians, and several provinces 
usurped by tyrants.— Maximianun, a col 
league of the Emperor. 



33 



4 6 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 290 A.D.- 



iitJO 



304 



3U J 



PROORE33 OF SOCIETY. ETC. 



The Gregorian code. 



Gregory and Hermogenes, lawyers; Elius, 
Spartianus, and Vopiscus, historians ; Trc- 
bellius Polio. 



The praetorian guard broken up by Constan- 
tly. 



323 Foundation of Constantinople by Constantine 
— -> I the Great.— Celebrated dome of St Sophia: 

the splendor of the court so great that it 

cost more than the legions. 
330 Constantinople becomes the seat of art and 

literature. 



311) 



Ossian, the Caledonian bard 
have flourished about this time 



Eutropius and Marcelhnus, historians ; Jam- 
biicut and Eunapius, Greek historian. 



Ecclesiastical. 



296. Monks in Spain and E£ fpt. 
Pope Marcellinus 



303. Tenth Persecution of the Christians. 

304. Arnobius, of Africa, C. F., converted 

r rom idolatry. 



306. Persecution of the Christians stopped bf 
Constant ins;. 

310. Pope Eusebius. 
Arius excommunicated. 

311. Pope Malchiades. 

314. Pope Sylvester I. 

319. Toleration of Christianity by Constantine 
the Great. 



325. The Council of Nice (from June 19th, 
325 to August 25th) consisting of 318 bishops, 
who condemn A nanism. — Eusebius, bishop 
of Ca?sarea, C. F., and ecclesiastical histo- 
rian. — Lactantius, Athanasius, Arius, 
Ephraim and Basil, C. F., flourish in the 
reign of Constantine. 

336. Pope Marcus. 

337. Pope Julius. 

Eleventh persecution. — Saints invoked, 
the cross reverenced, and incense used by 
the Christians. 



341. Christianity propagated in Ethiopia by 
Frumaintius. 

356. Pope Felix II. 

St. Hilary and Gregory Nazianzen, 01 
Constantinople, an eminent writer. C. F — 
Elius Donatus, bishop of Carthage. — 
Cyril, bishop of Jerusalem. — Monasteries u 
Thebais. 



364 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



47 



Roman Empire. 



Nar929, king of Persia, loses Armenia, Meso- 
potamia, and Assyria. 

Alexandria taken by Diocletian. 

Hormiadas, II., king of Persia, builds Ormus. 



The first general council a Nice. 

The seat of government removed to Constan- 
tinople, which was solemnly dedicated on 
May 11th, 330. 

Great famine and pestilence in Syria. 
Revolt of Sarmatian slaves, 300,000 are dis- 
persed over the empire. 
Death of Constantine, and the accession of 

Constantius, Constans, 



West. 



291. The Franks make themselves masters 01 

Batavia and Flanders. 
293. The Franks expelled from Batavia. 



296. Britain restored to the emperor. 



304. Diocletian and Maximian resign the Em 
pire to 

Constantius and Galeriua. 



306.— Constantine the Great, 'gjgf 

(first Christian emperor.) 
Licinius, Maximian, and Maxentius, his 
three colleagues. 
Constantine defeats the Franks. 
312. Maxentius defeated and killed. 
314. Civil war with Licinius. 
319. Constantine favors and tolerates Chris- 
tianity. 

321. —appoints the observance of Sunday. 

322. —defeats and banishes Licinius, and be- 
comes sole emperor. 

325. —abolishes the combats of gladiators and 
assemblies. 



331. Constantine orders all the heathen tem- 
ples to be destroyed. 



his three sons, 

and Constantine 



150 Greek and Asiatic cities destroyed by an 

earthquake. 
Hermanric, king of the Ostrogoths, founds an 

extensive empire. 
Gallus put to death by Constantius. 



Constantius dies at Tarsus. 

A disadvantageous peace with the Persians. 



340. Constantine, the younger, defeated and 

killed by Constans at Aquilea. 
350. Constans killed in Spain by Magcentius. 



357. Six German kings defeated by Julian at 
Strasburg. 



361.— Julian, the Apostate 

— attempts in vain to rebuild the temple 
at Jerusalem. 
363. —is slain in a war with the Persians. 



-Jovian 






364. Death of Jovian, and the accession o\ 
Valentinian and Valens, under whom the 
EMPIRE is DIVIDED : 

EASTERN EMPIRE WESTERN EMPIRE, 

extending from the lower Danube to the con- 1 extending from the Caledonian rvnrjartt 
fines of Persia. to the foe of Mount Atlas. 



4 8 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



364 A.D. 



A..B. Progress op Society, etc. 



112 



125 



Ecclesiastical. 



Aurelius Victor, author of lives of celebrated 
Romans. 



Prudentius and Ausonius, Latin poets: 
Pappus and Theon, of Alexandria, mathe- 
maticians. 



Claud ian, Latin poet. 



Macrobius, Platonic philosopher. 



Theodosius establishes public schools, and at- 
tempts the restoration of learning. 



435 The Theodosian code published. 



373. The Bible translatea into tae Gothic 
guage. 



379. The prerogatives of the Roman See muck 

enlarged. 
331. The second general Council of Ccnsum 

tinople. 



334. Symachus pleads in the Roman Senate 
for Paganism against St. Ambrose. 

335. Pope Syricius. 



392. St. Chrysostom, patriarch of Constan 
tinople ; St. Ambrose, archbishop of Milan ; 
St. Jerome, St. Martin, and St. Augustine, 
' Christian Fathers.' 

Image worship. — The Christian hier- 
archy begins. 



401. Pope Innocent I. 



412. Cyn7, bishop of Alexandria ; Isidore and 
Socrates, ecclesiastical historians ; Orosiut. 
a Spanish disciple of St. Augustine; and 
Pelagius, a British monk, who denied origi- 
nal sin, &c. 

416. The Pelagian heresy condemned by the 
African bishops. 

417. Pope Zozimus. 

418. Pope Boniface I. 



422. Pope Celestine I. 



429. Nestorius, bishop of Constantinople, ac 
knowledges two persons in Jesus Christ 

431. Third general Council at Ephesus. 

432. Pope Sixtus III. 

St. Patrick preaches the Gospel in Ire 
land. 
435. Nestorianism prevails in the East 



440. Pope Leo I. (the Great). 

443. The Mamcho&an books burned at Roma 
445. Flavian, oatriarch of Constantinople 



445 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



49 



■m 



- 



37f 



373 



379 



Eastern Empire. 



V a I e n s 



IIUNGARV, (ancient Pannonia,) invaded by 
the Huns, from whom it is named. — The 
Goths expelled by the Huns, are allowed by 
Valens to settle in Thrace. 

Valens defeated and slain by the Goths near 
Adrianople. 

T h e o d o s i u s the Great.fgf 

a zealous supporter of Christianity. 



Theodosius defeats Maximus, the tyrant of the 
western empire. 



Western Empire. 



364. Valentinian I . *fg ■ 

elected by the army. 
308. The Saxons invade Britain, but are de 
feated by Theodosius. 



3/5. 



G r a t i a n 



gains a victory over the Germans; s-ji> 
ceeds to the eastern empire on the death ol 
Valens; Maximus is proclaimed emperor 
— Gratian killed at Lyons. 



379. The LOMBARDS first leave Scandma 
via, and defeat the Vandals. 



e n 1 1 n l a n 



— is dispossessed by Maximus, but is re- 
stored by Theodosius ; makes Treves his 
capital. 

34. —is strangled at Vienna by Arbogastes, a 
Gaul, commander of the army. 



Theodo sius 



becomes sole emperor of the East and West. 

Complete down fall of Paganism. 

Theodosius defeats Eugenius, the u$ur per of the West, and Arbogastes, the Gaul. 

Final division of the empire be tween the sons of Theodosius. 



A r c a d i u s . 



-Theodosius I I . < fif- 
a child ; Athenius, minister. 



414 Regency of the emperor's sister, Pulcheria. 



V.M 



Persian War. 



Armenia divided between the Persians and 

Romans. 
A sreat part of Constantinople destroys I bv 

fire. 



4^7 Pannonia. Dalmatia and Voricum gained "rom 
"die western empire. 



H o n o r i u s 



401. Europe overrun by the VISIGOTHS. 

403. Alaric defeated by Stillicho. 

406. The Vandals permitted to settle in Spain, 

Gaul, &c. 
410. Rome sacked and burned by the Goths 

under Alaric. 
412 Beginning of the Vandal power in Spain. 

413. Burgundian kingdom begun in Alsace. 

414. The'Visigoths plant themselves in Tou- 
louse. 



417. The Alani defeated and extirpated by 

the Goths. 
420. FRANKS : — Pharamond, then 

first king, on the lower Rhine. 

494. — Valentinian III.® 

426. Britain evacuated by the Romans. 

427. Pannonia recovered from the Huns. 
42S. iEtius, the Roman general, defeated b? 

the Franks an'! Goths. 

Franks :— Clodion, king, extends hie t ■ n 

quests to the river Somme. 
433. A 1 1 i 1 a , " The scourge of God," fcrmr 

an immense empire from China to the At 

lantic. 
437. jEuus defeats the Goths. 
439. The kingdom of the Vandals in 

Africa," under G e n s e r i c , whe 

takes Carthage and plunders Italy. 
441. The Roman territories invaded \y the 

Huns, Persians and Saxons. 
445. The famous embassy from Britain, soil 

citing aid against the Picts. 






So 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



447 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



45°\ Zozimus and Olympiodorus, Greek histo- 
rians. 



468 



m 



The principle established that every accused 
person shall be tried by his peers, or equals. 



Legislation of the Visigoths in Spam— Eric 
being king, and founder of the Gothic mo- 
narchy. 



The tottering empire of the west was finally 
overthrown by Odoacer's sack of Rome, the 
great event which precedes the middle or 
"dark ages." The form of the old 
Roman government remained— the senate, 
the consuls, &c— but Italy, ravaged by a 
succession of wars, plagues, famines, and 
every form of public tyran-v and domestic 
slavery, was nearly a desert 



Ecclesiastical. 



447. Eutychps asserts the existence of onlj 
one nature in Jesus Christ. 

449. Ibus, bishop of Edessa ; and Eusebius, 
bishop of Doryleum, deposed 

450. Sozomen and IVieodoret, ecclesiastical 
historians. 

451. The fourth general Council atChalcedon, 
at which Eutycheanism and Nestorianism 
are solemnly condemned. 



461. Pope Hilarius. 
465. Pope Simplicius. 



Oligarchy of the bishops of Rome, Go* 
stantinople, Alexandria, Antioch, and Jeru- 
salem—all striving for the supremacj.— 
The church now btgins to assume a polit* 
cal aspect. 



476 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



51 



Eastern Empire. 



Marcian,' 



Thracian, refuses to pay the annual 
tribute to the Huns. 



Leo I . , (the Thracian,) fgf 

first emperor ever crowned by the patriarch. 
War with the Goths. 

461 Peace with the Goths ; Theodoric is received 
from them as a hostage. 



Western Empire. 



«74 



U3 



n o 



a turbulent reign : debaucheries and conspi- 
racies. 
Theodoric becomes chief of the Ostrogoths, 

and invades the empire. He ravages 

Thrace. 



448. Franks :— Merovoeus 1st, king of the Me< 
rovingians. 

.<Etius defeats the Huns. 



451. The arrival of the Saxont 
. n Britain, under Hengist and Hor». 

452. The city of VENICE founded. 
455. Valentinian assassinated by 



Petronius Maximu 
A v i t u s . W 



457. 

458. Franks :— Childeric 



ajorian. "g§f 

I., conquers as fai 



as the Loire and takes Paris. 



4C1.- 



467. A t h e n 1 u s . f§ 

(The last three emperors slain 
Ricimer.) 



by 



468- Spain :— The Visigoths, under Eric, 
blish their kingdom. " 



472, 



Olvbius 



Eruption of Vesuvius, seen at Constan- 
tinople. 



473, 
474, 



Glycerius 



Julius Nepos. ||§f 



475. — Romulus Aueustulus. ^§§? 

476. ROME taken by OOOACER, king of 
the Herulii : 

END of the WESTERN EMPIRE. 
12*28 years after the building of Rome ; anc 
commencement of the kingdom cf Italy un- 
der Odoacer. 



¥- 



52 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 480 A.D. 



498 



501 



611 



516 



t 



530 



53S 



Progress of Society- etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Rise of the feudal system in France, under 
Clovis. 



Theodoric introduces the architecture of 
Greece to improve the buildings of Italy. 



Publication of the Gemara or Talmud of Ba 
bylon. 



Burgundian laws published, being a collec- 
tion of the rights and customs of the Bur- 
gundians. 



The Salic law established in France. 



Boethius, the Roman poet and philosopher. 

Use of burning glass in warfare at Constan- 
tinople. 



The Christian Era proposed and introduced 
by Dionysius, a monk. 



The schools of Athens suppressed. 

The fables of Pilpay translated into Pereian. 
Chess introduced into Persia from India. 

Justinian's pandects and code of laws. 



Architecture: the church of St Sophia toilt 

at Constantinople. 
Proclus, a learned Platonist. 



483. Pope Felix III. 

—excommunicated by Acacius, bishop oi 

Constantinople. 
4S4. Christians persecuted t»y Hunfric king 
of the Vandals. 



492. Pope Ge.asius I. 

494. The Roman Pontiff asserts his supre 

rnacy. 
496. Christianity introduced into France. 



513. Christianity embraced by the Pe ratal 

king, Carbades. 

514. Pope Hormisdas. 



519. The orthodox bishops restored bj f u?Un 



523. Pope John I. 

525. The Arian bishops deposed. 

526. Pope Felix IV. 
Extreme Unction introduced. 



529. The Order of Benedictine monks ir, 
stituted at Monte Cassino, near Naples. 

530. Pope Boniface II. 



533. Pope John II. 

535. Pope Agapetus. 

536. « Sylvester I. 

Separation of the Armenians fr:>m 1he Gieel 

church. 
538. Pore Vigilius. 



538A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



53 



Eastern Empire. 



An earthquake, lasting 40 days, destroys the 

greater part of Constantinople. 
Zeno makes Theodoric general and consul. 



Anastasius 



The Green and Blue factions. 

The emperor's persecution of the Catho- 
lics, ana protection of the Manichaeans, oc- 
casions a rebellion headed by Vitalianus. 



The empire ravaged and the imperial army 
destroyed by Carbades, king of Persia. 

Long walls built to protect Constantinople 
from the Bulgarians. 

A great insurrection in Constantinople, 10,000 
killed. 



Constantinople besieged by Vitalianu 
fleet is consumed by the burning glass of 
Proclus. 

Anastasius killed by lightning. 



■Justin I 



a peasant of Dalmatia. 
Brilliant period of the Byzantine empire 



Justinian 



celebrated for his code of laws and the 

victories of his generals, Belisarius 

and Narses. 

Belisarius defeats the Persians under Choe- 

roes. 



—quells i conspiracy in Constantinople. 

—defeats the Vandals in Africa, 
—subdues Sicily. 
—takes Naples. 

—takes Rome, defeats the Ostrogroths in 

Italy. 
—the Huns in Thrace, and 



Europe, generally. 



481. FRANCE :-C 1 o v i s I . ,^ 
of the French monarchy. 



foUBCiCI 



484. Alaric II., king of the Visigoths in Spain. 

485. France : — Battle of Soissonw 
gained by Clovis. 

487. Britain :— The Saxons defeated by Fringe 

Arthur and Ambrosius. 
490 : — Italy : — ravaged by the barbarians. 

Britain :— kingdom of Sussex. 
491. France :— Clovis subdues Thuringia. 



493. Italy :— c onquered by Tli e o • 
doric, king of the Ostrogoths.— Odoa- 
cer put to death. 



499. France : — Clovis concludes a peace with 
Theodoric in Italy. 

500. Burgundy becomes his tributary. 



r,D7. 



-Clovis defeats Alaric near Poictiers. 



510. France : — Clovis makes Paris his capital, 

511. France: — Clovis dies. 



-C h i 1 d e b e r t I 



512. The HERULII settle in Tluace, 



516. The Christian Era adopted. 

517. Getae ravages Ulyricum, Macedon, &c. 



519. Britain :— Prince Arthur defeated a\ 
Char ford by Cerdic, who begins the third 
Saxon kingdom of Wessex. 

522. Spain :— Amalaric, the first Gothic kir.g, 
who establishes his court in Spain— his capi- 
tal, Seville. 



530. Britain :— kingdom of Essex. 

531. Spain: — Theudis succeeds Amalaric. 

532. Burgundy conquered by Childeber*. 



536. Vitiges, king of the Ostogroths, surr«» 
ders his possessions in Gaul to the Fr*!*^ 
king. 

537. Italy conquered by Belisarius. 



33* 



54 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



539 A.D.- 



55 i 



65*" 



Progress of Society, etc. 



565 



568 



596 



Ths manufacture of silk introduced from 
China by the monks. 



Procopius, a Roman historian— the last of the 
classic writers. 

The Saxon laics ; the king's authority limit- 
ed by the Wittenagem 4. 

Three orders ; the noble, the free, and the 
servile — Trial by ordeal. 



Christianity introduced among the Picts by 
Columbi. 

The old Roman municipal system in Italy 
overthrown by the invasion of the Lombards 
— and the feudal system established. 

Written laws compiled among the nations of 
German origin — first by the Visigoths in 
Spain. 

Semi -circular arches introduced in the archi- 
tecture of churches, with much grotesque 
sculpture. 



The Latin language ceases to be spoken in 
Italy, while it supersedes the Gothic in 
Spain. 

The origin of fiefs. 

The Roman Catholic faith established in 
Spain. 

Gregory of Tours, the father of French his- 
tory. 



Bretwalda, king of England, converted to 

Christianity. 
Agathus. a Grecian historian. 
Gildas, the first British historian. 
Evagrias, ecclesiastical historian. — Cassiodo- 

rus, the historian of Ravenna, tutor to 

Theodoric. 
The Saxons, having conquered England, it 

relapsed, in a great measure, into the state 

of barbarism, from which it had been par- 

tklly raised by 'he Romans. 



Ecclesiastical. 



540. The Monothelites, who acknowledged 
but one will in Jesus Christ. 



552. The Fifth general Council at Constanti 

nople 
555. Pope Pelagius I. 

557. The church of St. Germain de Pres, bull 
at Paris. 



560. Pope John III. 

The Tritheists acknowledge three God^ 
and deny the resurrection. 



573. Pope Benedict I. 

575. The first monastery founded in BavarU. 
Great increase of miracles. 

578. Pope Pelagius II. 



590. Pope Gregory I. called The Great. 

The doctrine of purgatory first taught. 
Mass introduced. 



598. St. Augustine, first archbishop of Can 

terbury, introduces Christianity into Britain 
604. Pope Sabianus, or Sahinian. 
606. Pope Boniface III. made supreme head 

of the church by Phocas.— The title of Uni 

versal Bishop assumed. 

The Waldenses refuse submission tc 

Rom» 



607 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



55 



558 



570- 
500 



Eastern Empire. 



Viiige3 at Ravenna. — North Africa, Cor- 
sica and Sardinia, annexed to the Eastern 
empire. 

Plague at Constantinople — during three 
months from 5,000 to 10,000 die daily. 

The Lombards settle in Pannonia. — The 
Turkish monarchy founded in Asia. 

Siege of Petra. 



Narses defeats and kills Totila. 
Italy governed by Greek exarchs. 



A plague extending over Europe and Asia, 
and lasting nearly 50 years. 



Delisarius disgraced by Justinian. 

" restored: — he quells a conspiracy. 
Great fire in Constantinople— the city nearly 

destroyed. 
Justinian dies. 

Justin II. W 



Belisarius dies in prison. 



The TURKS first mentioned in history.— 
They send embassies to Justin, and form 
an alliance. 

Tiberius associated with Justin in the gov- 
ernment. 

Justin defeats Chosrocs, king of Persia. 



Tiberius II 



Maurice, the Cappadocian. king; under his 
reign the empire extends to the Araxes, and 
almost to the Caspian Sea. 



The Avars flourish under Baian— invade the 
Eastern empire, and spread over Hungary, 
Poland, and Prussia. 



— P hc:as, lUf-- a centurion, elected kimj 
The empire invade 1 by the Persians. 



Europe, generally. 



539. Italy : War, farnine, and pestilence. 

The City of Milan ravaged by the Goths. 



542. Britain :— Prince Arthur murdered in 
Cornwall. 



550. POLAND a dukedom— Lech, its first 
duke and legislator. His brother, Zech, 
first duke of Bohemia. 

The Greeks form settlements on Uid 
Spanish coast, from the Straits to Valencia 

550. Civil wars in France. 

558. France :— C 1 o t a i r e I . W 

559. Britain :— t h e Saxon II e p t a r - 
c li y commences. 

560. Britain:— the kingdom of Northumbna, 
formed by the union of Bernicia and Deira. 
— Ethelbert, king of Kent, subdues meet ol 
the Saxon kings. 

561. France :— C haribert I . W 



565. Europe ravaged by a pestilence. 



38. Italy conquered by the Lombards, under 
Aiboin. He fixes his capital at Pavia. 



571. Britain :— Bretwalda II., king of Wessex. 

575 " East Anglia formed into a king- 
dom, and called Angle-land, whence the ori- 
gin of the name England. 



583. Spam :— the Suevi subdued by the Visi- 
goths. 

France :— C 1 o t a i r e II. Hf 
586. Britain :— the kingdom of Mercia founded. 
Spain :— Recared, king. 

588. The city of Paris destroyed by fire. 

589. Rome inundated by the Tiber. 

591. Britain:— Ethelbert, king of Kent, gams 
the pre-eminence, and becomes Bretwalda 

It d ly : _the Lombards, under Authans, 
successful against the Greeks and Franks. 

595. Istria, Bohemia, and Poland invaded by 
the Sclavonians. 

596. France :— Thierry II.. king of Burgur dy. 

597. Britain :— Christianity introduced by St 
Augustine. 

600. Italy ravaged by the Sclavonians. 

G07. Bri'ain:— Supremacy of the Pope i£ 

knowledged. 



-H 



56 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



604 A.D. 



L.D. 


Progress of Society, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 




The aristocracy acquire great power in 






France, somewhat restrained by the mayors 


606. Pope Boniface III. 




of the palace. 


607. Pope Boniface IV. 




Rites and superstitions increase in all Europe. 


The Pantheon at Rome dedicated to Ooa 




— Relics sought for, and worshipped. — Lita- 


the Virgin, and the Saints. 




nies addressed to the Virgin. — The burning 


609. The Christians massacred by the Je«ra tt 




of candes by day. — Exorcisms, &c. 


Antioch. 




Hereditary fiefs. — Aristocratic class. 




815 


Stcundus, historian of the Lombards. 




617 


Ethelbert publishes the first code of laws in 






England. 


618. Pope Boniface V. 


620 


Isodorus, historian of Spain, grammarian and 
philosopher. 


625. Pope Honorius I. He had a taste for 
splendid cathedrals and processions. 
Monks and monasteries increase. 

Africa and Asia, with the churches ol 


632 


Islamism, and the power of the Caliphs esta- 


Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch lost to 




blished in the East. In the Caliphs were 


the Christian world by the progress of Mo- 




united the highest spiritual and regal autho- 


hammedanism. 




rity. 


640. Pope Severinu?, 
640. Pope John IV. 


0J6 


Christianity introduceil into China. 

In England, some improvement in ecclesiasti- 
cal architecture; circular arches intro- 
duced; churches built at Canterbury, Qlas- 
tonbury, St. Albans, Winchester, &c. 

In civil architecture, forts and castles— Conis- 






borough Castle in Yorkshire; Castletown 


642. Pope Theodorus. He assumes the title 




in Derbyshire, &c. 


of "Sovereign Pontiff." 


644 


University of Cambridge founded. 


644. Pope Martin I. He ordains celibacy of 
the clergy. 

Separation between the Greek and 








Some of the monasteries of Europe continue 


Roman churches. 




to be the repositories of learning and the 






a~ls. 


654. Pope Eugenius. 




Ceibacy if the clergy enjoined. 


657. Pope Vitalian. He established the oni 
versal use of the Latin language ir thi 










service of the church. 






672. Pope Adeodatua. 



673 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



57 



610 

■4rC12 

614 

61S 



Eastern Empire. 



Heraclius takes Constantinople, kills Phocas, 

ami makes himself king. 
MAHOMET publisher his Koran. 
Syria ravaged by the Arabs. 
Jerusalem taken by the Persians. 



Europe, generally. 



Constantinople taken and pillaged by 
Avari. 



the 



t : 22 



632 



TheHEGIRA; or Mahomet's Flight from 

Mecca to Medina. 
Era of the Mahometans. 
Heraclius defeats the Persians under Chos- 

roes. 



Death of Mahomet. 

Abubeker succeeds him as caliph of the 
Saracens. 



Omar, caliph. 

" takes Jerusalem, which is held 

by the Saracens 463 years. 
Omar takes Alexandria, and destroys 

another famous library. 



Constantine III. 



■Constans 1 1 . , \ 
(11 years of age.) 



The Saracens become masters of Africa and 
Cyprus. 

The Saracens take Rhodes, and destroy the 

Colossus. 
Persia becomes a part of the empire of the 

Caliphs. 

The Saracens obtain peace from Constans, by 
agreeing to pay him 100,000 crowns yearly. 
rcj Constans soes to Rome, and plunders the 
Treasury. 

M >awiah, caliph, makes Damascus his capi- 
tal. 



Constantine IV. ^ginvades Sicily. 

Grand Cairo founded. 

Siege of Constantinople by the Saracens, 
whose fleet is destroyed by the Greek fire of 
Callinicus. The caliph compelled to pur- 
chase a peace of thirty years, by paying aj 
yearly tribute. 



604. Britain:— St. Paul's Church founded bj 
Ethelbert, king c" Kent. 



612. Hntain:— Ethelfntn, king of Northum 
bria. defeats the Britons, and destroys th« 
monastery of Bangor. 

615. War between Lombardy and Ravenna. 

617. Britain: — St. Peter's (now Westminste 
Abbey) founded by Sabert, king of Kent. 
Britain :— Bretwald IV. 



628. France :- -D a g o b e r t I . f|f He 

builds the church of St. Deny, the burial 

place of the French kings. 
631. Samo, a merchant of France, makes 

himself king of Bohemia. 
633. Britain: — Bretwald V.; he embraces 

Christianity. 



634. Britain :— Bretwald VI. 



33. France — C 1 o v 1 a II .^§f 5 years old. 
The kingdom divided. Sigebert, (18 years 
old,) being king of Austrasia. 

642. Britain:— Bretwald VII. 

644. Britain:— The University of Cambrid«« 
founded by Sigebert, king of E. Anglia. 

650. Britain: — Mercia converted to Chris- 
tianity. 

6. France :— C 1 o t a i r e III. f§? 



660. France :— C h l I d e r l c II 



663. Lombardy conquered by Grimoald. duke 
of Beneventura. 



672. The Saracens driven from Spain, by 
Wamba kir.g ol the Goths. 



53 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 674 A.D.- 



074 



687 



G'Jto 



70* 



716 



718 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Stone buildings and glass come into use in 
England. 

The abbey of Whitby, and the monastery of 
Gilling founded. 

The Anglo-Saxons advance in civilization 
and power, by the introduction of Chris- 
tianity. 

In France, the Teutonic language supersedes 
the Latin. — National assemblies established, 
though confined to the aristocracy. 



In Persia, the Magian religion gives way to 

the Mohammedan. 
Severe persecution of the Jews in Spain. 



Julian, of Toledo, historian and moralist. 
The venerable Bede, Ecc. historian. 



A king first elected in Poland. 

Adhelm, the first British writer in prose and 

verse. 
Sclavo?iiun republics in Bohemia. 



Christianity greatly extended among the Ger- 
man nations and other people in the north 
ol Europe; but almost exterminated in 
Africa, by the progress of Mohammedan- 
ism 



Ecclesiastical. 



676. Pope Domnus. 

The popes become indeper lent of the 
Greek emperor. 

679. Pope Agatho. 

630. The sixth general Council at Constantino- 
ple, called by the emperor Ccnstantine, whc 
presides. 

682. Pope Leo II. He usurps the right of in 
vestiture. 

634. Pope Benedict II. 



John V. 
Conon. 
Sergius. 



701. Pope John VI. 

704. The first province .riven to the pope. 

705. Pope John VII. 



Sis anius (20 days). 
Constantine. 



Tie art of making paper brought from Sa , 

marcand by the Arabs. 
George Syncellus, a Grecian chronologi.n. 
Glas'cnbury Abbey rebuilt by Ina. 



711. Custom of kissing the Pope's foot 

ducftd. 



714 Pope Gregory II. 



Leo (Eastern Emperor) attempt* to pro 
cure the assassination of the Pope. TlM 
Romans defend nira. 



720 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



59 



C8C 



685 



li'Js 



705 



I 709 



711 



Eastern Empire, Asia, &c. 



The kingdom of Bulgaria founded. 
Yezid, caliph of ihe Saracens. 



Moawiah II., caliph. 
Abdallah, caliph. 



Justinian I 

Abdulmelek, caliph 



He discontinues the 
tribute to the Greek emperor 



716 



Justinian II. deposed, and his rn.se cut oft* by 

Leonitius, who is also deposed by 

Absinierus Tiberius. 

Armenia and the provinces between the Black 
and Caspian Seas subdued by Caliph Abdul- 
melek. 

Carthage rased, and the north coast of Africa 
completely subjugated. 



Justinian II. restored. 

Syria recovered, 200,000 Saracens slain. 



Europe, generally. 



673. France :— T h i e r r y I . |§g 

675. Spain :— Wamba gains a naval victory 
over the Arabs, who attempt to invade hs« 
kingdom. 



682 Spain : — Wamba abdicates and 
monk. 



690. France :— P epin d'Heristel ,*f|£ 
mayor of the Palace and duke of Austrasia 
defeats Thierry, and becomes king. 



691. France:— C 1 o vis III, 



695. 



— Ch 



r t 



Africa subdued by the Saracens. 



Justinian put to death by Philip Bardanes. 
who reigns under the name of Philippicus. 



698. Poland : — Cracow founded. — An elective 
monarchy established. 

Venice :— Luc Anafetto, first Doge. 

700. Britain:— Anglo-Saxon Octarchy. 

France :— Aquitaine, Burgundy and Pro- 
vence become separate dukedoms. 

705. Britain :— Alfred the Wise, in North- 
umbria. 



710. Spain : — R o d e r i c , king, ^§§ (the 
last of the Goths.) 



-Anastasius II 



Theodosius III. Wg pro- 
claimed by the revolted army ot Anasta>ius. 



— I e o III., (the Isaurian.) 
of a shoemaker. 



711. France :— D a g o b e r t 



713. Spain conquered by th« 
Saracens under Muca. By the mar- 
riage of Abdallah, the Moor, with the>*idow 
of the Gothic king, the two nations are 
united in interest. 

714. France : — Charles Martel, duke of Aus- 
trasia. 

715 France :— C h i 1 d e r i c II f|f 

716. Britain :— Ethelbald, king of Mercia. 



718. Spain :— Pelagius founds the kingdom ti 
Asturias. 



720. France :— T h i e r r y II 



6o 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



725 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Increasing 
power, 

spiritual 
and 

temporal 
of the 
Popes. 



Dark 

period 

of 

European 

iueraiure. 



Ecclesiastical. 



P 



Winifred, an Anglo-Saxon, preaches the gos 
rel to the Frisons. 

The venerable Bede dies — a grammarian, phi- 
losopher, historian, and theologian. 

The Abassidae, caliphs of the Saracens, en- 
courage learning. 



Fredegaire, a French historian. 

Virgilius, a priest, is condemned as a heretic, 
for believing in the existence of antipodes. 



757 An organ sent by Constantine to France. 
760 John of Damascus, a founder of the scholas- 
tic philosophy. 
Fredegaire continues the history of Gre^orv 
of Tours. ° ' 

The schools of Bagdad, Cufa, Alexandria. 
Fez, and Cordova, promoted by the Abas- 
sidae caliphs. 



Ignorance, profligacy, and misery, character- 
ized the age preceding Charlemagne. 



7W 



The first palm-tree planted in Spain. 

Golden period of learning in Arabia, under the 
caliph Harounal Raschid. 



Pleadings in courts of justice first practised, 
foundation of schools in monasteries and 

cathedrals, by Charlemagne. 
The Gregorian chant. 
The Synod of Frankfort. 
George, the mmk. 



726. Image worship being forbidden by thi 
emperor Leo, causes great disturbance. 

727. Peter's pence first collected in England 

728. Leo orders the pope to be seized. 

730. Gregory excommunicates the emperor 
The Iconoclasts, or image breakers. 

731. Pope Gregory III. 



736. The images throughout the empire de- 
stroyed by order of the emperor. 
Monks persecuted. 
741 Pope Zachary 



2. The Pope dethrones Chiuieric, king 0/ 
France, by a papal decree. 
752. Pope Stephen III. at war with the Lom- 
bards, assisted by Pepin. 



754. —he journeys to Pepin to implore his 
protection. 

"55. Commencement of the Pope's 
temporal power under the auspices 
of Pepin, who bestows on Stephen the ex- 
archate of Ravenna. 

7o7. Pope Paul I. 



68. Stephen IV. 

769. Council of the Lateran. 

770. The Eastern monasteries dissolved by the 
emperor. 

772. Pope Adrian I., on whom the Ecclesias- 
tical state is conferred by Charlemagne. 



779. Imposition of Tithes enforced by Chat 
lemasrne, for the support of the clergj 
churches, schools, and the poor. 

735. Forcible conversion of the Saxons b- 
Charlemasrne. 



787. The seventh general Council at Nice, 11 
which the doctrine of the Iconoclasts wa 
condemned. 



794. Pope Leo III. sends to 
confirmation. 

Masses said for money 



CharlemagBB fa, 



794 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



6l 



Eastern Empire, Asia, &c. 



The Arabs invest Constantinople by land with 
120,000 men, ami by sea with 1800 ships. 
The city is saved by the Greek fire — the 
Arab fleet being almost entirely destroyed. 

Leo confiscates Caiabria and Sicily. 

The Greek possessions in Italy are lost ir con- 
sequence of the edict nrbidding image wor- 
ship. 



Constantine V. (Copronymus). 



The Arabs defeated by Constantine. — Rhodes, 
Cyprus, and Aiuioch captured. 



Europe, generally. 



781 
786 

7* 

788 

m 



725. France :— Charles Martel crosses tht 
Rhine, and subdues Bavaria. 

727. Britain :— Ina, king of Wessex, begins the 
tax called Peter's pence, to support a col- 
lege at Rome. 



;732. France :— Charles Martel gains a gre«t 
! victory over the Saracens near Tours. 
i 

740. Spoletto taken by the Normans, but re- 
covered by the Pope. 

742. France :— C h i 1 d c r i c III. @ 



752. France :— End of the Merovingian line 
of French kings. 



Almanzor, caliph ; builds Bagdad and makes 

it his capital. 
Asia Minor ravaged by the Turks 



Great victory over the Bulgarians. 
Leo IY.A — 



Constantine VI. (Porphyrogenetus).^ 
Irene (Queen mother) restores image worship. 
The empire is invaded by H a r o u n a 1 

R a s c h i d , caliph of Bagdad. 
Constantine imprison? his rvotl.er, Irene, for 

her cruelty. 

Irene igf puts him to death, 

and assumes the s)le power. 
— proposes to marry Charlemagne 
—is dethroned by Nicephorus. 
The Saracens ravage Thrace. 



-Pep 



e Bref,1 



first of the Carlovineian line. 
753. Pepin le Bref aids the Pope with a large 
army against the Lombards. 
Italy : — Ravenna a dukedom. 



756. Spain :— Separated from the Caliphate 
Abderhama. 



761. Spain :— Froila, grandson of Pelagius, 
builds Oviedo, and makes it the seat of his 
kingdom. 

58. France:— CHARLEMAGNE, or Charles 
the Great, reigns with his brother, Carlo- 
man, until 771. 



774. Charlemaene invades Italy; defeats 
Didier, king of Lombardy, and annexes 
Italy to his empire. . 

End of the Lombard king- 
dom. , . . 
778. A part of Charlemagne's army defeated 
at Roncesvalles. . 
79 Charlemagne conquers Navarro, hanlinia, 
and the Saxons. 

Charlemagne conquers the Avari. 
—attempts to unite the Rhine and the 
Danube. 

787. Britain :— First recorded invasion of tht 
Danes :— The Sea Kings and Vikings. 



794. Charlemagne extirpates the Huns. 
Sweden conquered by Iva Viafamo 






62 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



SOO A.D.- 



l.d. ' Progress of Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



SOU 



804 



813 



Agriculture and horticul 
ture encouraged by Charle 
magne ; both nourish in 
Spain under the caliphs. 

Gold mines worked in Spain, 
Paul Warefredus (Diaconus) 

the historian. 
Haroun al Raschid, courting 
his alliance, presents Charle- 
magne with a striking clock. 
Tin's clock was adorned with 
automaton figures, which 
moved and played on va- 
rious musical instruments. 

Fine Arabian breed of horses 
introduced into Spain. 

Alcuin, of York, a pupil of 
Be Je, forms schools at Tours 
—patronized by Charle- 
magne. 

Transient revival of learning 
under Charlemagne. 

Eginhard, historian, secre- 
tary to Charlemagne. ,. 

The reign of Mamun (caliph) 
is regarded as the Augustine 
age of Arabian literature. 



St. Mark's Church at Venice 

built. 
Turpin, archbishop, to whom 

is attributed the famous 

"Z>e Vila Caro'i Magni et 

Iiolandi." 



800. The Pope separates from 
the Eastern Empire, and 
becomes supreme Bishop of 
the Western. 



Charlemagne reforms the 
church. 



Many bishoprics founded. 
— Great increase of monastic 
institutions. 



New Western Empire. 



13. Insurrection at Rome 
against the pope. 



SI 6. Pope Stephen V. 
817. " Paschal I. 

The College of Cardinals 
founded. 



824. Pope Eugenius II. 

Christianity in Denmark 
and Sweden. 

827. Pope Valentine. 

828. " Gregory IV. 
Missionaries sent from 

France to Sweden. 

831. Paschasius Radbertus, a 
monk of Corbey, father of 
the doctrine of transub- 
stantiation. This doctrine 
disowned by the English 
Church. 

Ratramus and Scotus Eri- 
ge?ia, theologians, holding 
much the same opinions as 
Luther. 



10. NEW EMPIRE of the 
WEST founded by Charle- 
magne, who is crowned at 
Rome, by the pope, king of 
Italy, Germany, and France 



802. Charlemagne receives an 
embassy from Nicephorus 
and from Haroun al Ras- 
chid. 



806. Charlemagne dl- 
vides the empire be- 
tween his three sons. 

808. First descent of the NOR 
MANS upon France. 



Charlemagne dies, Jan. "y 



814. L o u i s I . 

(Debonaire) an inglorious 

and turbulent reign. 
817. Louis divides the empire 

between his three sons. 
820. Invasion of the Normana. 



833. Lothaire, a fourth son ot 
Lot lis, associated in the gov- 
ernment. 



840. — L othaire 

841. — defeated by his brothers, 
Louis and Charles, in the 
battle of Fontenoy. 

Division of the empire. 

France:— Charles I.f§£? 
(the Bald). 

Ger. :— L u i s I. ^g 

— surnamed the Ger 



Italy :— L othaire ypf 
with imperial dienity. 

The Normans plunder 
Rouen, and advance to Paria 



842 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



63 



811 



313 



816 



829 



Eastern Empire. 



— N icephorus .^ggf — 

The Saracens ravage Asia 

Minor, capture Cyprus, and 

compel jSicephorus to pay a 

tribute. 



— Michael I . W 

(Caropaltes) ; at war with 
the Bulgari. 



-(the 



Leo V .< 

Armenian). 



Earthquakes, famine, fire, &c. 
ravage the empire. 



Michael 1 1 . W 

(Balbus or the Stammerer). 

Constantinople besieged by 
the Saracens. The Bulga- 
rians raise the siege. The 
Saracens obtain possession 
of Crete, and name it Can- 
dia. 

— T heophilus. f§f — 



J42 



-Michael III 
(the Drunkard). 



England. 



813. Egbert, king of 
defeats the Britons. 



827. The seven king- 
doms of the Hep- 
tarchy united by Eg- 
bert, king ofWessex, 
under the name of ENG- 
LAND, or the Land of the 
Angles. 

Egbert. W 

Invasion of the Danes. 

838. -E thelwolf,®— 
a weak prince. 

Scotland :— Kenneth, king 
of the Scots, defeats and ex 
tirpates the Picts, and be 
comes sole monarch. 

The Danes return, and 
ravaee the country unmo 
lested, and burn the city of 
London. 

Ethelwolf makes a pilgri 
mage to Rome. 



The World, elsewhere 



801. DENMARK become* 1 
kingdom under Gotricut 



818. Al Mamun (caliph) a pa- 
tron of learning. 

820. First dismemberment of 
the Arabian monarchy. The 
dynasty of the Taherites 
founded at Khorassan. 

826. The Danish prince, Ha- 
rold, is baptized at Ingel- 
heim. 



833. Motassim, caliph. He 
builds Saumora, which h« 
makes the seat ; f gorem- 
ment. 



64 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



844 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



The aristocratic Feudal sys- 
tem in all its power. Here- 
ditary nobility, which, with 
the clergy, was the domi- 
nant order in the state. 

The barons independent of 
the king. Gradual intro- 
duction of the Roman and 
zsmmon law. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Spain, Germany. 



First inciosure of lands at 
Spalding, where Richard de 
Rules does much to improve 
agriculture. 



872 



Clocks brought to Constanti- 
nople from Venice. 



rhe Faroe Isles, and Iceland 
discovered in this century 



844. Pope Sergius III. (Bucca 
Porci). 

Ignatius, patriarch of 
Constantinople. 

Persecution of the Chris- 
tians in Spain. 
847. Pope Leo IV. 

850. Christianity propagated 
by Auscharius in Denmark 
and Sweden. 

855. Pope Benedict III. 



858. Pope Nicholas I. 

First coronation of a pope. 

859. Eulogius, archbishop 01 
Cordova, martyred. 

800. The schism of the Greeks 
begins. 



864. The Bible translated into 
Slavonian 

367. Pope Adrian II. 

8th Council at Constan- 
tinople — Photius, patriarch 
of Constantinople, deposed. 



872. Pope John VIII. 



855. Lothario retires to a mo 
nastery and dies. 

New division of the em 
pire at Mersen. 

856. Germ. :—L o u i s II. W 

has Italy with the im- 
perial dignity. 

— establishes his court at 
Pavia. 
858. France invaded by Louia 
the German, who is finally 
compelled to retire. 



882. Pope Martin II. 
884. " Adrian III. 

SS5. " Stephen VI. 



868. Lorraine annexed 
France. 



877. Fr. :— L ouis II. 
(the Stammerer). 



S79. 



-Louis III. and 



C s r! c m a n 

reign jointly. 



884. France :— C h a r 1 e s^f 
the Fat, an usurper. 

885. Paris besieged by the 
Normans; gallantly defend 
ed by archbishop Goslin. 

886. Charles makes a disgrace- 
ful peace with the Normans. 

887. Germany : — A raoltl, 

emperor, f&gf (the im- 
perial dignity transferred 
from France to Germany). 

888. France :— E u d e p Wj — 



089 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



m 



861 



Eastern Empire. 



Decline of the Caliphate be 
gins.— Jews and Christians 
persecuted. — Frequent wars 
between the Greeks and Sa- 
racens. 



B67 



Bazil I. yg 

(the Macedonian), defeat: 
the Saracens. 



Crete and the Sicilies reco 
vered from the Arabs. 



Basil commences the Mace- 
donian dynasty. 
Publication of the Basilica. 



Leo VI. % 

(the philosopher). 



England. 






The World, elsewhere. 



849. Alfred the Great, born. 

852. Ethelwolf defeats the 
Danes in the Isle of Thanet 



857. E t h e 1 b a 1 d and E t h e 1- 

bert ff?— reign jointly :— 
increase the influence oif the 
clergy. 



806. -Ethel red-W 

807. The Danes conquer Nor- 
thumberland. 



872. Alfred the Great* 
— defeats the Danes. 



879. Alfred abandoned by his 
subjects, retires to the Isle of 
Athelney, but soon draws 
together his friends and con- 
quers the Danes. 



845. The Normans plunder 
Hamburg, and penetrate into 
Germany. 

846. The Saracens destroy the 
Venetian fleet, and besiege 
Rome. 

849. —defeated by the Pope's 

allies. 
851. Sardinia and Corsica xt 

vaged by the Saracens. 



856. The coasts of Holland 
plundered by the Nor- 
mans. 



0. Gorm the Elder, (descend- 
ed from Oilin.) unites Jut- 
land and the Danish Isles, 
and becomes king of Den- 
mark. 

861. Iceland discovered by the 
Normans. 

862. RUSSIA : — Ruric, first 
grand Prince, builds the city 
of Lagoda. 



18. Egypt throws off its de- 
pendence on the caliphs, un- 
der Ahmed. 

S74. Iceland, a republic, found 
ed by the Normans. 

875. NORWAY : — Harold 
Harfrage. first king. 



886. The 
Croatia. 



Scythians seize 



889. Hungary : — Arr.ad layi 
the founds tion of the king- 
dom. 



66 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



89O A.D. 



915 



933 



940 



Progress of Society. 



Oxford University found- 
ed. — Alfred the Great esta- 
blishes a regular militia 
and navy, and the mode of 
trial by jury ; institutes/airs 
and markets. — Johannes 
Scttus Erigena, a learned 
philosophical writer. 

England divided into coun- 
ties, hundreds, and tithings. 
The county courts, held 
monthly, become the great 
safeguard of the civil rights 
of Englishmen. 

Hired troops substituted for 
the feudal. 



The University of Cam- 
bridge founded. 



The Anglo Saxon monarchy 
rises into importance. 



Azophi, Arabian astronomer. 



Printing invented among the 
Chinese (1) 



Cordova, in Spain, becomes 
the seat of Arab learning, 
science, industry, and com- 
merce. Its celebrated schools 
of geometry. astronomy, che- 
mistry and medicine, toge- 
ther with its equally cele- 
brated poets and philoso- 
phers, render it famous 
throughout the world. 

Luitprand, the historian. 

Mints established in Kent or 
Wessei: 



Ecclesiastical. 



891. Pope Formosus. 
8%. " Boniface VI. 
" Stephen VII. 
898. " John IX. 

Veneration for saints and 
a passion for relics prevail. 



900. Pope Benedict IV. 
903. " Leo V. 
905. " Sergius III. 



912. The Normans in France 
embrace Christianity. 



914. Pope John X. 



921. The Bohemians embrace 
Christianity. 



928. Pope Leo VI 

929. " Stephen VIII. 
Ernies, monk of Cluni. 

931. Pope John XI. 

Mere children elevated to 
the highest offices in the 
church. 



93G. Pope Leo VII. 
939. « Stephen IX. 



France, Gepmany, &c. 



890. Arnold, emperor of Ger 
many, takes Rome. 



898. Fr. :— C h a r 1 e s 1 1 1 .fjg 

(the Simple). 

899. Ger.:-Louis III.® 
Invasion of the Hunga- 
rians. 

Contests between the no- 
bles and bishops 



912. France :— R o b e r t , duke 
of Normandy. 

The Normans, under 
R o 1 1 , establish them- 
selves in Normandy. 

Ger.: — Conrad l.^g 

(the empire becomes 

elective). 



919 Ger. :— Henry I.fgf— 
(the Fowler), fu-st oi the 
Saxon line. 

921. France :— Robert I. de- 
feated and killed by his 
brother at Soissons. 

923. France:— Rudolph elect- 
ed duke. 

Italy: — Hugo, count of 
Provence, oppresses the aris- 
tocracy, who call to their aid 
Berenger. 

France : — Civil wars. 

929. " —Charles dies a 
prisoner at Peronne. 



36. Ger. :— O t h 
(the Great). 



Fr. :— L ouis I V 
(the Stranger). 



940. Burgundy, a fief th« 
empire. 



940 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



6; 



Eastern Empire. 



Southern Italy subject to the 

Greek empire. 
War with the Bulgarians, 

Lombards, and Saracens — 

the latter take the island of 

Samos. 



Russian expedition under 
Oleg, against Constantino- 
ple. 



-Constantine VII. f§>- 
asoociates his four sons, so 
that there are five emperors. 



Constantinople besieged by the 
Bulgarians. 

Romanus, general of the fleet, 
usurps the empire, with his 
three sons, Christopher, Ste- 
phen, and 

-Constantine VIII. W- 



Romanus ° 
over the 
by Igor. 
Sea with 



nins a naval victory 

Russians, who, led 

enter the Black 

10/100 ships or ca- 



England. 



891. Invasion of the Danes. 
The first land tax. 



901. E d w a r df|f 

(the Elder), the first who 
takes the title of " Rex An- 
glorum." 

War with the Danes. 



The World, elsewhere. 



924. —A t h e 1 s t a n 



934. _by the victory of Bru- 
nanburerh, he becomes king 
of all Britain. 



900. Scotland: — Constantine 
III. 

901 . Italy :— The republics 
of Venice and Genoa 
founded. 



908. The race of Fatimites in 
Egypt. 

910. Spain:— Kingdom of Leon 
founded by Garcia. 

912. Spain :— Abderrahman III. 
the greatest Arab prince oi 
Spain— builds the splendid 
city and palace of Zehra. 

914. Spain :— Ordogno II., king 
of Oviedo, makes Leon his 
capital. 

Commencement of the 
heroic age in Spain. 



921. Poland :— Lesko IV. 
" — Zemormysl. 

923. Spain :— Fruela, king of 

Leon. 
904. « — Alphonzo IV. 
927. " — Ramiro II. 



930. Denmark :— Harold VI., 
firs' Christian king. 

932. 4rnolf of Bavaria, de- 
feated near Verona. 

933. Norway :— Eric, king— 
his cruelty leads the peoda 
to revolt. 



10. — E dnrnnd I . 
brother of Athelstan. 



940. Spain :— Ramiro, king oi 
Leon, defeats the Moors, ud- 
der Abderrahman, in the bafr 
tie of Simancus. 



63 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



94I A.D. 



i 



m 



Progress of Society. 



ire 



The mercantile character 
raised by a law of Athelstan, 
that a merchant who made 
three voyages over the high 
seas with a ship and cargo 
of his own, should enjoy the 
rank and privileges of a 
thane. 

The figures of arithmetic 
brought into Europe by the 
Saracens. 

Silver mines in the Hartz 
Mountains. 

Manufactories of linens and 
woollens in Flanders, which 
becomes the sea: of western 
commerce. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Geber, Arabian astronomer. 
Suidas, grammarian and lexi- 
cographer. 
Rhazes, Arabian physician. 



The Saxon fleet, consisting of 
360 sail, in three squadrons. 
makes the circuit of the 
island, under the command 
of king Edgar. 



Abbo, monk and astronomer. 



Albirunius, Arabian geogra- 
pher. 

Greenland discovered by the 
Norwegians. 



Almoin, historian. 



Dublin much frequented for 
trade, also many places on 
the Baltic. 



943. Pope Martin III. 



946. Pope Agapetus II. 



955 Baptism of Olga, and con 
version of Russia to Chris- 
tianity. 

956. Pope John XII. 

Quarrel with the emper- 
ors respecting investiture. 

959. St. Dunstan, archbishop 
of Canterbury, attempts to 
reform the church— enforc- 
ing clerical celibacy. 

"The influence of the 
monks greatly increased. 



963. Pope Leo VIII. elected by 
Roman citizens. 



964. Benedict V. elected by a 
council. 

965. John XIII. 

Poland receives Christianity 
under Miecislus. 



972. Pope Benedict VI. 

973. Boniface VII. : deposed 
and banished for his crimes. 

974. Domnus II. 

975. Benedict VII. 



France, Germany, &c. 



984. Pope John XIV. 
. « John XV. 



39. Christianity propagated 
in Russia by Waldimir — 
they hold to the Greek 
church. 



950. Germany : — Bohemia be 
comes tributary to Otho. 

953. The Hungarians sub 
dued. 

954. Fr. :— Lothaiie I.fgp 
— confers the dukedoms ol 
Burgundy and Aquitaine on 
Hugh the Great. 

957. Germany :— Otho defeat* 
the Slavonians in Saxony 



964. Italy united to the empire 
of Germany. 

Tuscan/becomes a duke- 
dom. 



973. Ger. :-Otho Il.^g 
subdues the Bohemians. 



979. Otho at war with Lu 
thaire. 



933. — O t h o III., 
(3 years of age). 

986. Fr.:— Louis V. 
(" the Slothful,") lastoTtht 
Carlovingian race. 

988. Fr. :H-Jgh Capet,® 
— founder of the third at 
dapetian line of Frenck 
kings. 



989 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



69 



uyz 



Eastern Empire. 



Naples annexed to the em- 
pire. 



945 The empress Helen usurps 
the throne. 



963 



967 



975 



Constantine III. retires into a 
cloister. 



— R omanus II 
poisoned by his wife, 
phano. 



-Nicephorus II. lf^— 



—he recovers Cyprus and An- 
tioch from the Saracens. 

—is murdered by 

—John Zimisces.fgf — 

Basil and Constantine 

viii. m — 



Apu ia and Calabria recover- 
ed and united to the empire. 



England, &c. 



946. E 1 d r e d^ 

governed by Dunstan, abbot 
of Glastonbury. 

952. Scotland : — Malcolm I 
king. 



955. Scotland :— Indulf, king. 



955. E d w y ^ggf 

insulted by Duncan, and 
deposed — his queen, Elgiva, 
put to death. 



959. E dgar^ 

marries the beau 



ful El- 

frida, after the violent death 
of Athelwold. her lover. 
9G0. Scotland:— Duff, king. 

Wolves expelled from 
England and Wales, in con- 
sequence of a reward being 
offered for the purpose by 
the king. 

Violent disputes between 
the monks and the clergy. 



975. E d w a r dm 

(the martyr), murdered by 
his stepmother, Ellrida. 



97S. — E t h e 1 r e d I I . f g - 
(" the Unready.")— Dunstan 
still minister.— The people 
become discontented. 



985. Danish invasion, under 
Sweyn. 

The king purchases their 
retreat. 



The World, elsewhere. 



950. Spain :— Ordono III. kinj 
of Leon. 



955. Spain :— Sancho I., king 
of Leon. 



953. Italy .-- War between thi 
Normans and Saracens. 



961. Candia recovered from 
the Saracens. 

2. Poland :— Miecislas esta- 
blishes Christianity. 



9G7. Spain :— Ramiro III., king 
of Leon. 

968. The Northmen devastate 
Galicia. but are defeated and 
almost exterminated. 



973. Hungary : — St. Stephen, 
first hereditary king, extends 
the kingdom eastward ; gives 
it a constitution and written 
laws. 

976. Spain :— Hixem, caliph 
of Cordova. 

Almansor, regent, obtains 
many victories over the 
Christians. 

980. Russia: —Waldimir I, 
marries Anna, sister of the 
emperor Basil II. 

983. Italy :— Venice distracted 
by violent commotions. 

9S5. Sweyn I., or Sweno, king 
of Denmark, invades Eng- 
land. 



34 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



993 A.D.- 



ioa> 



< 



Progress op Society. 



Ecclesiastical. 



993. First 
saints. 



canonization of 



Venice and Genoa carry on a 

flourishing trade between 

Asia -md Western Europe. 996. Pope Gregory V. 
Stephe.1, duke of Hunga- 997. " John XVI. 

ry, propagates Christianity 

among his subjects. 



999. Pope Sylvester II. 



Paper made of cotton rags. 



Spain, the seat of Arabian and 
Jewish learning. 



Churches first built in the 
Gothic style. 

Foundation of the House of 
Wisdom at Cairo. 

The French language first be- 
gins to be written. 

Leo, the grammarian. 

The arts faintly revive in Italy 
— paintings in fresco and 
mosaic. 



Literature, the arts and sci- 
ences, and commerce flourish 
at Ghizni. 

Musical scale, consisting of six 
notes, invented by Guido 
Aretino. 

Avicenna, a famous Arabian 
chemist and physician. 

Glaber Rad, historian. 

Campanes, of Navarro, astro- 
nomer. 

Uermannus Con'.ractus, monk 
and mathematician. 



Hungary a fief of the 
Romish church. 



1003. Pope John XVIII. 



1009. Pope Sergius. 
1012. " Benedict VIII. 



Persecution of the Albi' 
genses in Languedoc. 



France, Germany, &c. 



1024. Pope John XIX. He 
gained his election by bribe- 
ry. He was not of the clergy, 
but consul and senator of 
Rome. 



1033. Pope Benedict IX., (ten 
years old). 

"Peace of God," pub- 
lished by the bishops. 



99t). Fr. :— Robert i; 
— (the Wise,) succeeds Tus 
father Hugh. 



998. — is excommunicated by 
the pope for marrying his 
cousin Bertha. 



1002.Ger. :— Henry II. ^§f 

—(duke of Bavaria). 

Italy : — Ardoin, margrave 
of Ivrea, elected king. 



1004. Italy :— Henry invited by 
the German party — Ardoin 
loses most of Italy and re- 
signs. — Pavia burnt in a 
quarrel between the troops 
and people. 



1015. Germany : — The empe- 
ror receives an annual tri- 
bute from Poland. 



1024. Ger. :-Conrad II. 
—(the Salic.) first of 
Franconian line. 

1025. Expedition into Italy 



1029. War with the Poles. 

1031. Fr.:— Her. ry I.f^— 

1032. Burgundy annexed 4 
the empire. 



1037 A - D - A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



71 



1000 



Eastern Empire. 



Basil drives the Bul< 
from Thesaaly. 



1031 



L034 



tulgaria again reduced to 
Grecian province. 



—Roman us III..fg 
(Argyrus). 

-expels the Saracens from 
Syria, 
-poisoned by his wife Zoe 



— Michael IV 






EfKJLANI% &C. 



994. Scotland : — Constantine 
IV. slain by 

995. Kenneth IV., (the Grim). 



1002. Dreadful massacre of 
all the Danes in England— 
upon which Sweyn lands a 
large armament, and brings 
war and all Us miseries upon 
the country. 

1003. Scotland :— Malcolm II., 
an able, renowned prince. 



1012. An annual tribute pro- 
mised to the Danes. 

1013. The Danes, under Sweyn, 
become masters of England. 



1016.— Edmund II.,W~ 
(Ironsides.) fights six battles 
with Canute, king of Den- 
mark, with whom he finally 
divides the kingdom. 

1010. Canute If 

the Great, patronizes litera- 
ture and the church. 



1027. Ireland : — Brian Boru, 
sole monarch. 



1031. Canute penetrates into 
Scotland— subdues Malcolm. 

1032. —performs a pilgrimage 
10 Rome. 

1034. Scotl'd :— Duncan, king. 



The World, elsewhere. 



993. Norway :— Olaf I. 

Christianity introduced. 

997. Drontheim founded. 
Mahmud Sultan of Ghix- 

ni, adds Transoxiania, Ca- 
bul. and part of India to hii 
dominions; patronizes litera- 
ture. 

998. Spain :— Division of the 
Mohammedan kingdom ol 
Cordova. 

1000. Sancho III., (the Great,) 
king of Navarre, takes the 
title of emperor. 

1000. Savoy : — independent un- 
der Bervald, its first count. 

Poland : — Boleslas I., 
(the Lion-hearted). 



1006. Pestilence in Europe foi 
three years. 

1012. Spain: — Suleiman, ca- 
liph. 



1014. Denmark :— Harold III., 
kins. 

1015. Norway:— Olaf II. 

1016. Denmark :— Canute II., 
(the Great). 



1019. Norway conquered by 

Canute. 

Venice, Genoa, and Pisa 

rise into importance. 
1025. Poland :— Miecislas II. 



1035. — H ar old I . , 

(Harefoot,) cruel and un 
popular — ruled by Earl 
Godwin. 



1035. Spain :— Ramiro I king 
of Arragon. 

1037. Ferdinand I., of Castile, 
in right of his wife succeed! 
to Leon ; successful against 
the Mohammedans. 

1036. Denmark : — Hardica- 
nute III. 

1037. Norway: — Magnus L 
fine n.. (1 ,ix " 



/2 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. IO38 A.D.- 



*.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Ferdusi, the Persian Homer. 
Franco, mathematician. 
George Cedrenus, historian. 



Ecclesiastical. 



Michael Psellus, a celebrated 
Greek philosopher and his- 
torian. 



English parents prohibited by 
law from selling their chil- 
dren. 



First age of scholastic pLilcsc- 
phy. 



1038. The Pope, for his scan- 
dalous conduct, driven from 
Rome, but re-established by 
the emperor, Conrad. 



1044. —again driven from the 
throne," and succeeded by 
Sylvester III. After three 
months Benedict is restored 
bv the Counts of Tusculum. 
But finding the people will 
not tolerate his crimes:, he 
sells the papal chair to Gre- 
gory. 

— deposed for simony, by 
a council called by Henry 
III. 

1046. Pope Clement II. 

1043. Damascus II., 23 days. 
" Leo IX., the first who 
kept a regular army. 



1053. — is defeated and taken 
prisoner by the Normans. 

1054. The papal chair vacant 
one year. 

Excommunication of the 
Patriarch of Constantinople, 
and the Greeks. 



1055. Pope Victor II. 

Hildebrand, the real 
head of the church from the 
time of Leo IX. The church 
improving in piety and dis- 
cipline. 

1057. Pope Stephen IX. 

1058. Nicholas II. 
Benedict X., (antipope). 
The election of pope 

transferred to a conclave of 
cardinals. 

1059. Quarrel between the 
popes and tho German em- 
perors, respecting investi- 
tures and nomination to the 
Holy See. 

1061. Pope Alexander II. 

1062. Berenger, a celebrated 
French ecclesiastic. 

Alexander forbids the 
massacre of the Jews. 

1066. Alexander deposes Ha- 
rold, and gives England to 
William the Conqueror, 
duke of Normandy. 



Francje, Germany, <fcc. 



339. Ger. :-Henry Ill.jg 
— defeats the Bohemians 
and Hungarians — claims th« 
right of nominating to the 
papal chair. 



1046. France :— Dispute be- 
tween William the Con- 
queror and William ol 
Arques, for the duchy oJ 
Normandy. 



1053. Germany :— Henry III 
causes his son, Henry, to b« 
proclaimed king of the Ro- 
mans. This title was ap- 
plied, for several centuries, 
to the king's eldest son. 



Ger. .--Henry IV.^g 
— (the G reat), aged six years 
under the tutelage of hi» 
mother. 
105S. Roger, duke of Apulia 
becomes a vassal of th« 
pope. 



1060 Fr. :— Ph tip I 



(066 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



73 



1011 



1042 
1042 



IM3 



1054 
1054 

1050 
1057 



1059 



Eastern Empire. 



Earthquakes and famine at 
Constantinople. 

Michael V . ,® 

(Calaphales). 

-Zoe&Theodora.f^- 

-ConstantineX. ,f||— 

(Monomarchus). 
First invasion of the Seljuk 

Turks. 
The Russians invade Thrace 

With 100,000 men, and are 

repeatedly defeated by the 

Greeks. 



Theodora,Hf 

the last of Macedonian dy- 
nasty. 

The Greek church becomes 
independent. 

Michael VI., @ 

(Stra iotichus). 

IsaacW 



(Comnenus). 



-Constantino XI. 
— (Ducas). 



England, <fec. 



1039. -Hardicanute.W" 
Scot'd. : — Macbeth mur- 
ders Duncan, and usurps the 
throne. 

The Saxon line restored 
under JL 

1042. E d w a r dlgf 

(the Confessor). The coun- 
try prospers under his mild 
sway. 



1051. Rebellion of Earl God- 
win and his sons. 

William, duke of Nor- 
mandy, visits Edward. 

1053. The Dane-gelt abolished. 

Earl Godwin dies 
The Welch and the Irish 
several times invade Eng- 
land, but are repressed by 
Harold, son of Godwin. 

1054. Macbeth defeated and 
killed at Langfanan, by 
Siward, earl of Northum- 
berland. 



1057. Scotland:— Malcolm III. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1012. Denmark : — Magnus, 
(the Good,) of Norway, king. 



1066. -Harold II., m 
elected king ; killed at the 
BATTLE of HASTINGS 

— WILLIAM 1 ,W — 

duke of Normandy, styled 
" the Conqueror." 

End of the Anglo- 
Saxon dynasty. 

Edgar Atheling flies to 
Scotland. 



1047. Denmark :— Sweyn Es- 
tritson, or Suenon U. 



1050. The Pisans and Genoese 
take Sardinia and Corsica 
from the Saracens. 



1055. The Turks reduce Bag- 
dad, and overturn the em- 
pire of the caliphs. 



1059. Sweden : — Ineeldus or 
Ingo I., the first Christian 
king. 

1060. Robert Guiscard, the 
Norman, is created by the 
pope, duke of Apulia. 

1062. 70,000 Europeans are 
killed, or made prisoners by 
the Turks in Palestine. 

1065. Jerusalem taken by thi 
Saracens. 

1065. Castile and Lear — AI 
phonzo, kii g. 



74 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. I066 A.U.- 



y 



1073 



Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, & Spain 



UK* 



FeuJal System introduced m 
England by the Normans. 



Surnames first used amonj 
the English nobility. 



Knights errant in Spain. 



Ingulphus, historian, secre 
Uiy to W.lliam the Con 
oueror. 



Marianus Scotus. 
Booksdiers first heard of. 



London Bridge and West- 
minster Hal] built. 



Lanfranc, archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

Doomsday Book compiled by- 
order of William the Con- 
queror. 



William of Spires, mathema- 
tician. 

A rigid police established in 
England —The curfew. 

Norman French taught in ill 
the schools, anil made use of 
in all legal proceedings, 
i Literature patronized in the 
East by Meiek Shah. 



Popery at the height 
of its power, claiming 
supreme dominion, tem- 
poral and spiritual, over 
all the states of Christen- 
dom. 



1066. William, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, claims the crown of 
England, and makes wa» 
upon Harold to obtain it 



1071. Philip engages in a 
war with Robert, count of 
Holland. 



1072. Henry IV. of Germany, 
summoned befpre the pope, 
for selling the investiture oj 
bishops. Treats the man- 
date with contempt. 

1073. — summoned again by 
Gregory VII. 



1073. FopeGregoryVII., 
(Hildebrand.) who attempts 
to free all the clergy from 
the civil jurisdiction. He 
quarrels with the emperor. 

1074. Simony and celibacy 
forbidden. 

1075. The pope sends 
to the various courts of Eu- 
rope. 

1076. Sends an ambassador 
to depose the pope— is excom municated by Gregory. Goes 
barefoot to his holiness, makes humble submission, and kisses 
his feet. 

1076. Tuscany and Genoa be queathed to the Holy See by 
the Empress Matilda. 

1076. Spain :— The Cid. 

1078. The pope sets up Ru dolph, of Bavaria, as anti- 
emperor. Rudolph dies in 
1080. Ger. :— Henry IV. de- 
grades Gregory for his in trigues against him, and makes 

an expedition into Italy, and procures another pope to be 
elected. The war continues till 

1084, when Henry triumphs 
over Gregory, who flees to Sa lerno. and dies in exile in 1085. 



1090 
1092 



Fortress of Newcastle and of 
Carlisle built. 



1084. The order of the 
Carthusians instituted by 
Bruno. 



10S5. Pope Victor III. 



1088. Pope Urban II. 



1085. Spain :— Toledo taken 
from the Moors, by Don 
Rodrigo, the Cid, assisted by 
Raymond, count of Tou- 
louse. 

1086. Spain:— The battle of 
Zalaca. 

1087. France : — War with 
England : Robert, duke ol 
Normandy, opposes Wil- 
liam Rufus. 



O92 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



75 



1067 



1071 



1074 



Eastern Empire. 



— - — Eudocia.^g 

She marries 

Romanus III., m 

(Diogenes.) He valiantly 
but vainly opposes the 
Turks — is defeated and 
taken prisoner b ; Alp Ars- 
lan, Emir of Om ah. 

Michael VII ,@ 

(Parapinaces). 

Ar.dronicus l.Wg 



-Consteatir.; XII. 



Syria and Palestine su klued 
by Melek Shah. 



1078 



1081 



Nicephorus, l§f 

(Botoniates). 

— Alexius I.@ (Com 

nenus). The empire in- 
vaded by Robert Guiscard, 
the Norman, who defeats 
Alexius- at Durazzo. 



England & Scotland. 



Y 



10CG. —William I 

" THE CONQUEROI 

the Norman line. 



first of 



10G8. Edgar Atheling, heir of 
the Saxon line, takes refuge 
in Scotland. His sister, 
Margaret, marries Malcolm 
111. 

1070. The feudal system in- 
troduced by the king All 
the offices of the government 
placed in the hands of Nor- 
mans. The Norman lan- 
guage introduced. 

Malcolm III. of Scotland, 
ravages Durham. 

1072. Peace between the Nor- 
mans and the Scots 



1076. Robert, the king's son, 
raises a rebellion in Nor- 
mandy . 



The World, elsewhere. 



After the capture of Jerusa- 
lem, by the Turks, the Chris- 
tian pilgrims are insulted, 
robbed and oppressed, which 
gives rise to the crusades. 
— Great struggle between 
Christianity and Mohamme- 
danism. 



1067. Poland : — Boleslas U 
-he conquers Russia. 



1068. Poland :- 
genes. 



-Romanus Di* 



1070. Norway : —Bergen built 



1087. William invades France, 
and is killed at Mantes. 

1037. —William II., W 
(Rufus). 

Revolt of the Norman 
nobles. 



1074. Syria : — Melek Shah, 
(Emir,) extends his domin- 
ions from the Jaxartes to ths 
Mediterranean. 

1076. Denmark :— Harold IV. 

Palestine invaded and 
subdued by Melek Shah.— 
Jerusalem "taken. 



1077. Hungary: — Ladislas I. 

1079. Poland :— Stanislas, bi- 
shop of Cracow, murdered. 
The king excommunicated 
and dethroned. 

1079. Poland :— Uladislas I. 



1083. Italy : — Rome taken 
after a siege of two years, 
by Henry IV. 

1084. BOHEMIA erected into 
a kingdom by the emperc.ir 
Henry IV. 



1090. Sicily conquered by 
Roger the Norman, after a 
war of thirty years witt iu 
masters, the Saracens. 



7 6 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



IO93 A.D.- 



4.0. Progress of Society, etc. 



1095 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany & Spain 



1093. Conrad, son of the em 
peror, rebels. 

The popes continue to struggle against the empire. 

1094. S p a i n :— Pedro I., k. 
— of Navarre and Arragon. 

The Crusades :— Peter, the Hermit, preaches against the Turks in all the countries el 
Christendom. ■ ■ 

|The Council of Clermont. 

The FIRST CRUSADE ;— P e t e r the H e r m i t , and Walter, the Pennyless, sat 
out with a vast rabble, 300, 000 of whom perish before the warriors are ready to start. 



The chieftains of 



1099 



1100 



1118 



iiac 



Nathan Ben Jechiel, learned 
Jew. 



Knights of St. John lnsti 
tuted. 

Anna Comnena, daughter of 
Alexius I., Eastern emperor, 
historian. 

William of Poitou, first trou- 
badour. 



Abelard, French scholastic. 
Jeffrey of Monmouth, histo- 
rian. 



The Knights Templars. 



Tograi, Hairi, and AbdaUah 

Sharfaddin, Arabian poets. 

Scholastic Philosophy attains 
its highest point by the 
writings of Petei Abelard. 

Peter, the Lombard, (mas',er 
of sentences). 



the first crusade were, 

1. Godfrey of Bcuillor 
or Boulogne. 

2. Hugh of Vermandois. 

3. R o b e r t of Normandy 

4. Robert of Flanders. 

5. Stephen of Chartres. 

6. Raymond of Toulouse. 

7. Bohemond. 

8. T a n c r e d . 
600,000 warriors, 100,003 

cavalry. 



1099. Pope Paschal II. 



1118. Pope Gelasius II. 

1119. " CalistusII. 



1123. First Lateran, or ninth 
general council. 

1124. Honorius II. 



1104. Spain :— Alfonzo I., king 
of Navarre and Arragon. 

1106. Ger. :— Henry V.fjjf 
— maintains the right of in- 
vestiture. 



1108 Fr. :— Louis VI.,f§ 
— Le Gros. Abbe Sugar, 
minister. 

1109. Germany:— Henry en- 
ters Italy, takes the pope 
prisoner, and compels him 
to crown him. 

1114. Henry V. marries Ma 
tilda, of England. 



1118. Spain r—A.'f.nso I. cap- 
tures Saragossa. 



1120. Rivalry between Eng 
land and France com- 
mences. 



1125. Germany :— Lot hair e 

1 1 .w§ opposed by Fre- 
deric, and Conrad, duke o< 
Suabia. 



1 125 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



77 



Eastern Empire. 



1099 



1104 



1109 
llll 



1118 



Order, learning, and com- 
merce revive. 

By the courage and talents of 
the Comneni, the empire is 
feared or respected by the 
nations of Asia and Europe. 

Invasion by the crusaders : 
great numbers pass through 
Constantinople. 



Battle of Dorylaeum, which 
secures the march of the 
crusaders through Asia Mi- 
nor. 



Acre taken by the crusaders. 



Tripolis taken by crusaders. 



Berytus and Sidon taken by the 
crusaders. 



— John I., W (Comne. 

nus),a noble prince ; reforms 
the manners a? his people, 



Ttto taken by the crusaders. 



England & Scotland. 



1093. Scotland :— Malcolm III. 
invades England, and is 
slain near Alnwick Castle by 
Roger de Mowbray. 

1094. Scot. :— Donald Bane, 

kin §- . . 

William again invades 
Normandy. 

Sct'd. :— Duncan usurps 
the crown. 

William quarrels wi'h 
Anselm, archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 



1098. Scotland :— Edgar puts 
out Donald's eyes and de- 
thrones him. 



1100. William II. accidentally 
shot by Sir Walter Tyrel. 

-Henry I . ,© — 
(Beauclerc.) grants the Eng- 
lish a charter, and marries 
Maud, a Saxon, thus uniting 
the Norman and Saxon in- 
terests. 

1101. Robert, duke of Nor- 
mandy, invades England. 



1106. Henry invades Norman- 
dy ; takes Robert prisoner 
at the battle of Tinchebrai. 

Scotland :— Alexander I. 

1107. Henry quarrels with An- 
selm. 



1095. Hungary: — Colomar. 



1096. Egypt : — Mustali, th» 
eighth Fatimite caliph. Ha 
takes Jerusalem. 

1097. Baldwin founds the 
principality of Edessa. 



1099. Jerusalem taken by th« 
crusaders, under Godfrey 
who is elected king. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1120. Shipwreck and death of 
Prince William and 140 no- 
blemen. 

1124 Insurrection in Norman- 
dy suppressed. 

Scotland :— David I. pro- 
motes civilization. 



1 102. Poland :— Boleslas III 

1105. Denmark : — Nicholas 

1106. Italy :— Venice, Genoa, 
and Pisa greatly enriched 
by the crusades. 



1109. Norway :— Segurd's ex 
pedition to Palestine. 



1117. Persia:— Sanjar subdue 
Khorasan and Samarkand. 

1119. War between Pisa and 
Genoa. 

1120. Italy: — Rise of th« 
house of Guelph. 

Zengi, governor of 
Mosul, a great prince. 



34* 



78 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1 126 A.D.- 



A.D 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Ecclesiastical. 



A ristotle's logic comes 
repute. 



1137 Pandects of the Roman law, 
(Justinian,) discovered at 
Amain, and the stud;/ of the 
civil law revived. 



1140 Qratian collects the canon law. 
William of Mai msbury, Ens- 
lish historian. 

Vacarius teaches civil law at 
Oxford. 

Otho, bishop of Friesensen. 
historian, introduces the~pe- 
ripatetio philosophy into 
Germany. 

Benjamin of Tudela, a Jew, 
travels from Spain to India, 
by Constantinople, and re- 
turns through Egypt. 



1127. —makes war against 
Roger, king of Sicily. 

1130. Innocent II. and Anacle 
tus, rival popes. 



France, Germany & Spain. 



126. Spain- — Alfonzo VII., 
king, Leon and Castile. 



1134. Spain :— Garcia IV., kin* 
01 Navarre. 

Ramiro II., king of Arra- 
gon. 

1135. Lothaire in Italy- 
ture of Amalfi. 



-cap- 



1137. A pretended Messiah in 1137. Fr. :— Louis VII W 
France. — (l e Jeune). ' 

—another in Persia. 1133. Germany : — II 1 s c 

of S u a b i a : 



1139. Second Laferan, or tenth 
general council. 

1143. Pope Celestin II. 

1144. " Lucius II. 

1145. " Eu genius IN. 



—Conrad I.fjf 

1130. Portugal becomes a king- 
dom.— Henry of Besancon, 
kin?. 
1111. Germany and Italy.— 
Dissensions of the Gue.'fa 
and G h i b e 1 i n e s . 



1150 



1155 



The magnetic needle known 

in Italy. 
Suidas. lexicographer. 
Eben Ezra, of Toledo, Jewish 

historian. 



Arnold, of Brescia, condemn- 
ed and burnt. 

Eustathius, commentator on 
Homer and Dionysius Per. 



Banff of Vmire established.— 
Fairs at Lcipsic. 

London ontains 40,000 inha 
bitants 



1147.TheSecondCrusade excited by St. Bernard 
and joined by the emperor Conrad and his nephew Fre- 
deric Barbarossa, and Louis VII. of France. 

1149. France:— Louis divorces 
his queen, Eleanor, who 
marries Henry of Anjou. af- 
terwards king of England; 
thus Guienne and Poitou are 
lost to France. 

Lin :— Sancho V,king 
ot Navarre. 

1152. Germany and Italy:— 



1153. Pope Anastasius IV. 

1151. Pope Adrian IV. (an Eng- 
lishman, Nicholas Breaks- 
peare). 



Poem of the Cid. 



Colleges :f theology, philoso- 
phy and law at Paris. 

English commerce confined to 
the exportation of wool.— A 
woollen manufactory esta- 
blished at Worsted, and soon 
alter at Norwich. 



Frederic I. , If 

(Barbarossa). 



1157. Spain: — Castile and 
Leon divided under Ferdi- 
nand II. and Sancho II. 

1158. Germany:— The empe- 
ror Frederic receives the 
title of king of Bohemia a', 
the diet of Ratisbon .-—con- 
quers Poland, and makes it 
tributary. 



1159. Pope Alexander III. 
Victor IV., antipope. 

1160. Order of the Carmelites 
instituted. 

a 1 u The vv a 'd e n s e s and 
Albigenses besin to ap- 
peal* ^ 

1164. Pascal III., antipope. 

1167. Rome taken by Frederic Babarossa. 



1162 Frederic destroys Mtlaa. 
Spain : — Alfonic 11, 
king of Arragon. 



"alistus III., 



antipope. 



1 1 68 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



79 



Eastern Empire. 



England & Scotland. 



IU3 



1148 



—Manuel Commenus. 



Edessa being retaken by the 
Turks, gives rise to the 
second crusade. 

The Normans, under Roger, 
arrive before Constantino- 
ple ; are repulsed by Manuel. 



Kelso, Melrose, and Holy- 
rood house founded. 
1127. Matilda, the king's 
daughter, marries Geoffrey 
Plantatrenet. 



1135. Stephenflf 

of Blois. 

1136. Matilda asserts her right 
to the throne ; 

David, king of Scotland, 
assists her. 
1138. -is defeated in the " bat- 
tle of the Standard." 



1141. Stephen made prisonei 
at the battle of Lincoln. 



Civil war: Stephen and 

Matilda. 



1149. Henry Plantagenet in 
vades England. 



1155 The Greeks reduce Apuli; 
and Calabria. 

1156 Manuel forms the design of 
conquering Italy and the 
-Fersm empire, tut fails. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1130. Sweden: 
1133 " 



-Ragwald I 
Magnus I 



1139. PORTUGAL becomes a 
kingdom, under Alfonso I.fgf 

Sweden :— Suercher IL 



1147. Russia: — the city ol 
Moscow founded. 



1150. Denmark:— The coasts 

infested with pirates. 
1150. Sweden:— Eric X 



1157. Denmark: Waldemar I. 

1158. Venice a gret.t maritima 
power. 



1154. —Henry II. 
(Plantagenet). 



1158- Thomas a Becket intro- 
duced to the kind's notice by 
Theobold, archbishop of 
Canterbury— becomes chan 
cellor and preceptor of the 
prince. 

1159. Recket sent as ambassa 
dor to France. 



1162. -made archbishop of 1162. Sweden:— Charles m 

Canterbury — opposes the 

king. 
H64. —resists the constitutions, 

of Clarendon — flies <•> 

France. 
1166. Scotland :— William. 



1167. Italy:— Leasue of the 
Italian cities to preserre 
their liberties. 



60 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



I I/O A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



1175 
1177 



1178 



1198 



Foundation of the military 
order of Santiago. 

Circuit Judges appointed in 
England. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, & Spain 



1178. Innocent 



antipope. 

The pope Alexander, by a special act, relieves the clergy 
of Berkshire from keeping the archdeacon's dogs and hawks 
during his visitation. 

The Waldenses spread over the valley of Piedmont. They 
circulated the Sacred Scrip tures. They were the fore- 
runners of Protestantism. Con demned by the Eleventh Gene- 
ral Council, and severely per secured. 

1179. Third Lateran, or Ele- 
venth General Council. 



Robert Wace, first French 
poet. Translation of his 
Hist, des Rois d' Angleterre, 

by Layamon, the first Eng- 
lish composition. 

John Tzetes, Greek gramma- 



Maimonides, of Cordova, one 
of the most learned of the 
Jews. 

Henry, of Huntington, and 
William, of Newbury, his- 
torians. 

Rainulph de Glanville makes 
a digest of laws and customs 
of England. 



Dreadful massacre of the Jews 
at the coronation of Richard 

Teutonic order instituted. 

Boahoddi Ibu Shadad, author 
of a Life, of Saladin, in Ara- 
bic. 



The Jews become the princi- 
pal bankers of the world. 

Order of the Holy Trinity in- 
stituted in Germany. 



1181. Pope Lucius III. 



1185. Pope Urban III. 



1187. Pope Gregory VIII. 
1187. » Clement. III. 



1170. France:— The Walden 
ses. They derived theii 
name from Peter Waldo, t 
merchant of Lyons. 



1171. Frederick's fourth expe 
dition into Italy. 



1176. Frederick defeated M \\u 
battle of Legnano. 

1178. Henry, the Lion, duke 
of Saxony, deposed, and 
Saxony divided. 



1180. Fr.:— Philip II 
(Auguste). 



1183. The Peace of Constance 
re-establishes the independ- 
ence of Italian republics. 



11S8. Spain : — Alfonzo IX. 
king of Leon. 



1190. Third Crusade led by Philip Augustus, of 
France, and Richard, of Eng land, and Frederick Barba- 
rossa. 



1191. Pope Celestine III. 



1198. Pope Innocent III. 



1 190. Ger. :— H e n r y V I A 
emperor and king o f ItaTj 
and the Sicilies. 



1196. Richard Caeur de Lion 
seized and retained in cap 
tivity. 

1198. Philip, of Suabia, and 
Otho, of Saxony, dispute the 
crown; the former sup 
ported by the Ghibelines, 
and the latter by the Guelfa 



II98 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



8l 



Eastern Empire. 



1130 



1185 



11 ( J0 



1195 



-Alexius II. 



Andronicus I. 



-Isaac II. 



(Angelus). 



The empire invaded by the 
Bulgarians. 



Iconium taken by Frederick 
Barbarossa, bu' afterwards 
restored. 



Alexius Angelus, 

usurper and tyrant 



England & Scotland. 



1170. Becket returns to Eng- 
land, and is murdered at the 
altar. 

172. Henry conquers 
Ireland. 



1174. Treaty of Falaise, in 
which William agrees to do 
homage for Scotland. 

Henry makes a pilgri- 
mage to the shrine ol'Becke .. 



1189.— Richard I.Hf 

(Coeur de Lion). He en- 
gages in the third crusade. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1171. Egypt:— Saladin, sul 
tan. 

—He extends his domi- 
nions in Egypt, and con- 
quers Syria, Assyria, Meso- 
potamia, and Arabia. 

1174. Poland :— Miecislaua 1U 

1175. Portugal— a fief of the 
Holy See. 



1178. Poland: 
Just. 



-Casimir, (th« 



1182. Denmark :— Canute. 

1183. Saladin takes Aleppo, 
and deposes the sultan 01 
Mosul. 



1185. Portugal :— Sancho I. 

1186. Saladin directs all hia 
efforts against the crusaders. 



1187. —gains the victory o 
Tiberias, and takes Jerusa- 
lem, which leads to 

1190. The third crusade. 



1191. Kingdom of Cyprui 
founded. 

1191. Acre taken by the cru- 
saders. 



1193. Richard defeats Saladin in the battle of Ascalon; but, 
abandoned by his associates, concludes a truce of thiea 



years. 

1193. John attempts to seize 

the crown in the absence of 

Richard. 



1193 Saladin dies. 



82 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. II99A.D- 



A.a. Progress of Society, etc. 



1200 



12C3 



1206 



1209 



1222 



Ecclesiastical. France. Germany & Spaim 



The power of the pope supre me — Rome mistress of the world, and kinge !?er vassals 



The University of Bologna 
contains 10,000 students. 



Ville Hardouin, historian. 
Saxo Grammaticus,hisiorian. 



University of Paris founded. 



The order of Franciscan fri ars instituted. 



1200. The pope excommunica tes Philip of France. 

1202. The fourth crusade by the French, Germans, 
Venetians under the Marquis of Monserrat. They 
Constantinople. 



and 

xke 



1204. The Inquisition in Fran ce. 



The works of Aristotle, im- 
ported from Constantinople, 
condemned by the council 
of Paris. 



Period of the Troubadours in 
France ; the Minstrels in 
England; and the Mimic- 
singers in Germany. 



University of Padua founded. 



Stephen Langton, archbishop 
of Canterbury. 



Bitter persecution of the 
Albigenses. 



The doctrine of transub- 
stantiation and auricular 
confession established. 



1215. Fourth Lateran, and 
twelfth General Council 
against the Albigenses, and 
all heretics. 

1210. Pope Honorius HI. 

1217. The fifth crusade by 
Andrew II., king of Hun- 
gary. 



1227. Pope Gregory IX. 



1229. The Inquisition at Tou- 
louse. 

The Scriptures forbid 
den to all laymen. 



Normandy reunited to 
France. 



1210. Germany :— Otho place: 
under the ban of the pope. 



1212. — Fredericki: 



Spain:— The Christians 
gain the battle of Navas de 
Tolosa. 



1215. Otho loses the battle of 



1217. Spam-— Ferdir and, kinj 
of Cast lie. 



12-23. Fr : L o 11 i s V . .I.^f 

(The Lion). 

Crusade against tb« Al 
bigen 

1226. Fr.:I,ou s X . fg 
(Saint). 

1227 Germany :— Crusade o) 
the emperor after being ox 
communicated. 

1230. Spain : — Castile and 
Loon united by Ferdinand 
III . who tak-es Cordova Se- 
ville, fddiz, &c. from the 
Moors. 



237 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



83 



1206 



1216 



1221 



1228 



Eastern Empire. 



Alexius IV. fff 

The crusaders plunder Con- 
stantinople. 
Baldwin, count of Flanders. 

Henry II. W 



Peter 



Robert 



John of Rrienne, ! <j§§P 

king of Jerusalem, and em- 
peror. 



•Baldwin II. 



England & Scotland. 



Richard, returning home 
in disguise, through Ger- 
many, is imprisoned. Is 
ransomed by his subjects for 
10,000 marks. 

—declares war against 
France. 
1199. Richard c'ies. 



1200. John, Jgg 

(Lackland.) 
1201. Prince Arthur supported 

by France. 



1207. The kingdom laid under 
an interdict. 

1208. John excommunicated. 
London obtains the right 

to elect its own Lord Mayor. 



1213. The pope declares John 
a usurper. John submits to 
hold his crown as a vassal of 
the pope. 

1214. Scotland :— Alexander II. 



1215. Magna Charta signed at 
Ilunnymede. 



1216. —Henry IIl-W 

(4th Plantagenet.) 

Earl of Pembroke, pro- 
tector. 



1224. Henry's province of 
Poitou seized by the king of 
France. 



1229. First expedition of Henry 
into France for the recovery 
of his estates. 

1233. First discovery of coal 
at Newcastle. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1202. Denmark : — W; 
II. 

Poland : — Lesco, (the 
white). 

Livonia : — Institution ol 
the order of short swords to 
conquer the Prussians. 



1206. Genghis Khan 
subdues the north of China 



1210. Italy :— First war of Ve- 
nice and Genoa. 



1213. Russia :— Jurje II. 



1214. Frederick cedes to Den- 
mark all the provinces be- 
yond the Elbe and Eiser. 



1216. Tartary :— Overrun by 
the hordes of Genghis Khan. 

1217. Norway :— Haco V. 



1222. Two Greek kingdoms in 
Asia, Nice and Trebizond. 

John Ducas, emperor of 
Nice. 

Hungary : — Charter ol 
Andrew II. Foundation ol 
the national liberty. 



1234. Italy:— War of the Lom- 
bard cities with Frederick ol 
Germany. 

1236. Dreadful invasion ol 
Europe by the Mongol =. •> 
der Batu Khan. 



8 4 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



I238 A.D. 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Robert, of Gloucester, the first 
English writer in rhyme. 



1247 



1249 
1250 



1261 



1261 



First war fleet in Spain at the 
conquest of Seville. 

Foundation of the Alhambra 
near Granada. 

St. Edmund, of Canterbury, 
dies. 

The University of Salaman- 
ca founded. 



Silk manufactory in Lucca ; 
woollen in Milan and Tus- 
cany. 

Peter, of Albano, astrologer, 
physician, and naturalist. 

Rubruquis travels among the 
Mongols. 



Private war and judicial com- 
bats suppressed in France 
by the laws of St. Louis. 



Parliament in England. 



The monastic orders, by their 
wealth, rigid discipline. 
and popular influence, be- 
come powerful aids to pon- 
tifical ambition. 



1254. Pope Alexander IV. 

The Jews every where 
persecuted. 



Ecclesiastical. 



1241. Pope Celestine IV. 



1243. Pope Innocent IV. 

Continual struggles with 
the emperor Frederic. 



Sect of the Flagellants. 



1261. Pope Urban IV. 

The popes claim the 
right of presenting to every 
benefice in the world. 



France, Germany & Spain. 



1235. Germany : — Frederic 
again excommunicated. 



1243. The Hanseatif 
1 e a g u e— the chief towna 
are Lubec, Cologne, Bruns- 
wick, and Dantzic. 

1246. Henry of Thuringia set 
up for emperor by the pope, 
an d 

1247. William, of Holland. 

1248. France : — Louis sets out 
on the seventh crusade. 



1250. Germany: 

Conrad IV.®- 

1252. Spain: — Alfonso X. 
king of Castile and Leon. 



1261. France :— Burgundy falls 
to the crown. 



1265. The pope succeeds in his long struggle for the do- 
minion of Italy, and places Charles of Anjou on the throna 

of Naples. 

1265. Pope Clement IV. 

1266. Henry of Castile, a Roman senator 

1268. Pragmatic sanction- 
foundation of the liberties of 
the Gallican church. 



1268. No pope for about three 
years. 



1271. Pope Gregory X. 



1270. France : — Louis IX. seta 
out on the eighth and last 
crusade, and dies befora 
Tunis— succeeded by 

— Philip III.® — 
(The Hardy). 



1271 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



85 



1260 
1261 



Eastern Empire. 



—Michael Pala?ologus. , f|f — 
— recovers Constantinople. 



The Mongols in Asia Minor. 



The MongolB tike Antioch. 



England & Scotland. 



1240. Richard, earl of Corn- 
wall, heads the sixth cru- 
sade, and redeems Jerusa- 
lem. 



1242. Second expedition into 
France — defeated and com- 
pelled to make peace. 



1246. Henry marries Eleanor, 
of Provence. 



1249. Scot. : Alexander EI. 

— Repulses Haco, king 
of Norway — obtains the 
Scottish Isles. 



1258. Famous parliament at 

Oxford. Simon d e 

M o n t f r t . 

1259. Peace with France. 



1265. First regular parlia- 
ment. — Civil war — the king 
made prisoner at Lewes— is 
released, and gains the bat- 
tle of Evesham. 



1270. Prince Edward joins the 
eighth crusade. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1241. Denmark :— Eric VI 



1249. The Hanse towns cap 
ture Copenhagen. 

1250. Egypt :— The M a m e - 
1 u k e s rule — take Damas- 
cus and Aleppo. 



1255. Nice :— Theodore Lasca- 
ns, emperor. 

1256. Hulaku enters Persia, 
becomes sultan — takes Bag- 
dad, and puts an end to 
the caliphate. 

1258. Italy :— Dreadful naval 
war between Venice and 
Genoa. 

1259. China:— Kublai Khan 
builds Pekin, and makes it 
his capital. 



1261. Norway :— Iceland sub 
jected. 

Italy :— Charles I. 

1262. — becomes a papal fief. 
Greenland tributary to 

Norway. 

Norway : 



-Magnus II. 



1265. Abaka Khan of Persia. 



1266 Magnus, of Norway, 
cedes to Scot' and the He 
brides and the Isle of Man. 



1270. Hungary: 

Stephen V. 



86 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1272 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



1272 



1273 



1276 



1279 



\ 



Marco Polo travels in the 
East as far as Pekin. 



Firsl patent of nobility grant- 
ed to his goldsmith by the 
kiuf? of France. This was 
designed as an attack upon 
the feudal barons, and all 
the landed and hereditary 
aristocracy. 



Literature and science flourish 
in Spain, under Alfonzo, the 
learned. 



Chivalry and the tournaments 
introduced into Sweden. 



University of Lisbon founded. 



Roger Bacon, of Oxford, the 
most learned man of the 
middle ages. 



Institution of the three great 
courts of law in England. 



Ecclesiastical. 



France, Germany, &Sp aim 



1272. Languedoc falls to the 
crown. 



1273. Ger. :-RodoIph.f£ 

founds the house i 
Hapsburg. 



1274. 14th General Council at Lyons ; first re union at 
the Eastern and Western Churches.' 



1276. Pope Innocent V., 4 mos. 
" Adrian V.. 1 mo. 
" John XXI., 8 mos. 



1277. Nicholas III., enriching 
his family at the expense of 
the church— he introduces 
Nepotism. 



1281. Pope. Martin IV. 



1283. Pope Honorius IV. 



1288. Pope Nicholas IV. 



Nicholas IV. patronizes civil and religious literature, ana 
improves and embellishes Rome. 



Albert, the mathematician, and 
Prcvencal poet. 



1276 France at war with Ui 
tile. 



1283. Germany. — Rodolph 
makes his son, Albert, 
duke of Austria. 



1285. Fr.:-Phi lip IV. 

(the Fair.) 



1286. Spain :— Alfonzo ID 
king of Arragon. 



I29O A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



s; 



Eastern Empire. 



3 Andionicus, 

(the Elder.) 



Union with the Latin church. 



.27? 



1281 



Persecution of the Greeks. 



Othman establishes an inde^ 
pendent rule, as chief of 
400 families, in the north of 
As-'a Minor. 



England & Scotland. 



1272. — Edward 1 



The World, elsewhere. 



1272 Hungary: 



— Vladislas VI.' 



1276. War between England 
and Wales. 



283. Edward has a son born 
at Caernarvon, from which 
the title, Prince of Wales, 
descends to the eldest son of 
the king. 

Scotland : — Robert Bruce and 
Johfl Balliol contend f«. the 
crown. 



1289. Last payment of UibJLte 
to the pope. 



1276. Sweden : — Magnus L 



Russia : — Hanseatic set- 
tlement at Novogorod. 

1279. China :— Kublia Khan 
subdues the southern king- 
dom, and becomes the Great 
Khan. 

China visited by Marco 

Pol °- Ji- 

1279. Poland :— Lesco II. fH"— 

1279. Portugal :— Dennis,^ 
the father of his roun- 

try ' Jk 

1280. Norway :— Eric II. fH — 



1282. Sicilian vespers. 
1282. Denmark :— Parliamenl 
at Wurtembursr. 
First Handveste. 



1286. Denmark :— Eric VI. 



1289. The Mongols invade 
Hungary and Poland. 

1290. Hungary : —Andrew III 



the Venetian. 

Poland : Wenceslas, 

king of Bohemia, takes Cra- 
cow, and becomes duke 
Lesser Poland. 



ss 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



I 29 1 A.D.- 



i. x 



1290 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Peter, of Albano, astrologer, 
physician, and naturalist. 

John Holywood. of England 
astronomer. 



Richard Middleton. 



Cimabue, :he first of modern 
painters at Florence. 



Arnolf di Lapo, the father of 
modern Italian architecture. 



Ecclesiastical. 



1292. Celestine V.— he abdi 

cates. 
1292. The papal chair vacani 

two years and three months. 
Institution of the order 

of the Celestines. 



1294. Pope Boniface VIII. 



1296. Struggles with France. 



297. Canonization of Louis 
IX. 



The Influence of the 
crusades was great 

expanding the 

mind of Europe — re- 
fining the general 
manners — exciting 
a spirit of geogra- 
phical research and 
adventure — and pro- 
moting i mp rovement 
in the arts an d sci- 
ences — thus under mining instead of 
strengthening the 

First letters of marque grant- power ofp apalRome, 
ed by Edward 111. against by adva?icing libe- 
the Portuguese. ral ideas and free- 

dom of thought . 



France, Germany & Spain 



1291. Germany : 

— Adolphus ,f|f — 
of Nassau. 



Spain :— James II. k. of 
Arragon. 



1295. Spain : - Ferdinand IV. 
in Castile ai d Leon. 



Philip successfully in- 
vades Flanders. 



L298. Germany : — Adolphua 
deposed by a Diet, which 
elects 

— Albert I. If — 
son of Rodo ph. — Adolphua 
slain in the struggle which 



1299 A - D < 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



8 9 



1231 



1292 



Eastern Empire. 



Capture of Acre by the Ma- 
melukes — end of the king- 
dom of Jerusalem. 

The Mongols drive the last 
sultan of Iconium from his 
throne. 



The Genoese obtain the trade 
of the Black Sea, and rise to 
Treat power. 



1299 



Othman invades Nicomedia, 
and establishes the Ottoman 
empire. 



England & Scotland. 



1291. Edward decides the 
Scottish dispute in favor of 
Baliol. 

1292. A piratical warfare be- 
tween England and France. 
— Philip gets possession of 
Guienne. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1292. Hungary:— The pope 
sets up" Charles Mattel, 
crown prince of Naples, as 
king. 



294. China: — Tymur Khan. 



1295. Poland: 



— Premislas II. 



1296. Balliol defeated ; sub- 12g6 PolaIlU : _Less II. 
nuts to Ldward. 



1297. Scotland :— S i r Wil- 
liam Wallace .— S i r 
William Douglas, 
Robert Bruce, and 
other chiefs head a rebellion 
against the English. 



1299. —they are defeated at 
Falkirk by king Edward I. 



i299. Foundation of the 
OTTOMAN or TURKISH 
EMPIRE in Bythinia, un- 
der Othman I. 



9° 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



13OO A.D. 



l.D. 


Progress of Societv, etc. 


Ecclesiastical. 


1300 


University at Lyons founded. 
— Rapid advances in civili- 
zation.— Revival of ancient 
learning.— Improvements in 
the arts and sciences— and 
progress of liberty. 




1 3 C2 


The Mariner's Com- 
pass invented at Naples, 
by Gioia, native of Amalri. 

University at Avignon. 




1303 


1303. Pope Boniface VIII. 




Dante,ihe lather of modern 


Council of Paris. 




Italian poetry, flourishes. 
Amid the struggles of the 


Bull unam sanctum. 




Pope Benedict XI. 




Guelfs and Ghibelines, 


Vacancy in the papal 




Italy beeomes the cradle of 
modern literature and im- 


chair nearly eleven mon:hs. 




— The papal power de- 




proving civilization. 


clines. 


1305 


University at Orleans. 


1303. Pope Clement V. 

Seat of the popes 


1307 


University at Perugia. 




1308 


University at Coimbra. 




1310 


Knights of St. John at 

Rhodes. 
Ord»r of Kniadits Templar 




1311 


1311. General Council at Vien- 




abolished. — The barons in 


na. 




England extort from Ed- 


Another vacancy in the 




ward II. a reformation of 


papal chair of more than 




abuses. Parliaments are to 


two years. 




be held every year, and to 






appoint to all important 
offices. 












1316. Pope John XXII. 






Taxes imposed upon all 






the countries of Europe, to 






enrich the treasury 0/ lh« 




i 


church. 



France, Germans - , & Spain 



1302. First convocation of th« 
States-general in France. 

Guienne restored to Eng- 
land. 



1304. France at war with 
Flanders. 

Germany: — The Swiss 
towns rise into importance 
— oppressed by the House ol 
Hapsburg. 



transferred to Avig- 
non. 

1306. Persecution of the Jews 
in France. 

Germany • — Rudoll 



of Austria f^— — 

1307. Persecution of 
Knights Temp'ar. 

Ger. : — William 
shoots Gesler. 



the 
Tell 



1303- Germany : H e n r y 

of Luxemburg. ^§§f — 

General insurrection in 
Switzerland. 
L309. Spain:— Ferdinand IV 
takes Gibraltar. 



1311. Lyons united to France. 

1312. Spain :— Alfonzo XL 
of Castile and Leon. 

1314. Fr. :-Lcuis X.fff- 
(Hutin.) 

Ger. :— Louis of Bava- 
ria, and Frederick of Aus- 
tria, contend for the crown. 

1315. Fr. :— Edict for the en- 
franchisement of slaves. 

Battle ofMorgarten — the 
Austrians defeated by tha 
Swiss. 



1316. Fr. :— P h i 1 i p V. 
(the Long.) He succeeds bj 
virtue of the Saliqua .aw 

now first established. 



i3 ig a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



9 1 



1303 



Eastern Empire. Enoland & Scotland. The Would, elsewhere 



War of the Catalans, under 
Roger de Flor. 

Othman increases his posses- 
sions ; abandons the pasto- 
ral life, and fortifies towns 
and castles. 



1310 



The Knights of St. John of 
Jerusalem, established at 
Rhodes. 



1303. Edward invades Scot- 
land. Wallace betrayed 

and beheaded. — Scotland 
submits. 

Edward recovers Gui- 
erine. 



1306, Scotland : — R o b e r t 
Bruce proclaimed king 
— is obliged to flee ; but, 
Edward dying, resumes his 
position. 

1307. Eng. : Edward II. ® 

Scot. : — Bruce strength- 
ens himself by repeated ad- 
va i*ages and prudent con- 
du 



1314. Edward invades Scot- 
land, and is defeated at the 
Battle of Bannock- 
bur': 

The Scots invade Eng- 
land and Ireland. 



1301. Hungary :— Andrew the 

Venetian, fg 

Extinction of the hous« 
of Arpad. 

— Wenceslas III. of Ba 

hemia.^g 

1304. — Otto V„ of Ba*a 

ria.flf 



1305. Polai il ;— Vladislas IV., 
in Little Poland, and 

Duke Henry, of Glogau. 
in Great Poland. 

Russia subject to the 
Khan of Tartary. 



1307. Switzerland: 

W m . T °. ' 1 escapes from 
Gesler : 

SWISS Republics 
founded, Nov. 7. 

130S. Hungary:— Carobert, of 

Anjou.W 

1309. Poland united into one 
monarchy under Vladislas 
IV. 

Naples : — Robert, the 
Good. He aspires to the 
dominion of Italy. 

1310. Italy :— The Council of 
Ten established at Venice. 



1313. Italy ;—Matteo Visco.-iti. 

1314. Tunis made tributary to 
Spain. 



1316. Italy :— Castruccio, Lord 
of Lucca and Pisa. 

1317. Robert, the Good, a sena- 
tor of Rome, and 

1318. —lord of Genoa. 

1319. Final establishmen of 
the oligarchy at Venice 



9 2 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 1320 A.D. 



4.d. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, & Spain 



1323 



1325 



Dante, dies. 



John de Muris introduces 

notes of different length into 

music — and the method of 

distinguishing them. 

Romance poetry of the middle 

3 flourishes. 
Mayronis commences the cele- 
: brated disputations in the 
^ I Sorbonne. 
L326 J Clock constructed on mathe- 
matical principles, by Rich- 
ard Valigfon. 



Linna, a monk, and astrono- 
mer of Oxford, constructs a 
map of the northern seas. 

Thomas, of Bradwardine, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 



1331 
1335 

1337 



•345 



1347 



1350 



1356 



Giotto, a shepherd boy, the 
first who drew portraits 
from life. 

Greek literature revives. — 
Barlaam teaches Petrarch. 
— Leonttus lectures on Ho- 
mer at Florence. 

First comet, whose course has 
been accurately described. 

GUNPOWDER in use at 
the battle of Cressy. 

Lippo Mem mi Giotino, Flo- 
rentine painter. 

First bank at Genoa. 



Democracy at Rome, under 
bunes. 



Manufactures improve in 
England. — Commerce in- 
creases. 

Bartolus and Baldus, cele- 
brated jurists 



Merino sheep introduced into 
Spain, by Peter IV. of Ara- 
gon. 

Sir John Mandeville's Tra- 
vels, the first English book 
in prose. 



1324. Contest of the popes 
with Louis of Bavaria. 



1328. Crusade preached agains; 
Louis, who sets up Nicholas 
V. as anti-pope. 



1334. Pope Benedict XII. 



1339. Struggles in Rome be- 
tween the Colonna and the 
Ursini. 



1342. Pope Clement VI. 



Rienzi, the last of the Tri- 



1352. Pope Innocent VI. 

1354. Rienzi killed.— Albernoz, 
cardinal legate, restores the 
papal dominion. 



1322. France : — Charlt 

IV.® -(the Fair.) 

Germany :— Frederic, if 
A astria defeated and '.akerj 
prisoner. 
1324. Germany : — Louis ex- 
communicated by John XII 
— appeals to a general coun 
cil. 



1328. France :— P h i 1 i p V ] 
of Valois.il? 



1332. France .-—The- Flemings 
revolt and acknowledge Ed- 
ward III. as king oi France. 



1338. France :-War with Eng- 
land. 

Germany :— Declaration 
of the Diet of Frankfort, 
that the pope had no tempo- 
ral power in the empire. 

Louis sides with the 
English against France 



1346. France: — Normandy 
overrun by Edward, witfc> 
his son, thi; Black Prmce.- 
French defeated at Cressy. 

Germany : — C h a r 1 ei 
IV., king of Bohemia. 

The empire offered U 
Edward III , who declines. 

1350. France :— J o h n ,fj^- 
(the Good.) 



1355. Germany : — Promt Igi 
tion of the gulden Bull. 

1356. France :— King Jokn de 
feated and taken prisoner a 
Piitiers. — Charles the dau 
phin regent. 

Insurrection in Paris 



1360. France: — John regiln 
his liberty — cedes much !ei 
ritory to "England 



I 360 A*D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



93 



1320 



1226 



1341 



1348 



1355 



Eastern Empire. 



Disputes and civil war be 
tween the emperor and his 
son, Michael. 



Orkhan, sultan of the Turks, 
makes Prusa his capital. 

Andronicus, f|§f 

(the younger.) 



-John Cantacuzene. 



1360 



War with the Genoesp, defeat 
of the Greeks and Venetians. 



John Palaeologus. 



England & Scotland. 



1322. Lancaster executed. 

1323. Conspiracy against the 
king. 



Amurath I. 
Turks. 



1327. Peace between Scotland 
and England. — The inde- 
pendence of Scotland ac- 
knowledged. 

—Edward Hl.fjf— 
1329. Scotland :— David 11. 

1332. Edward invades Scot- 
land.— Balliol crowned, but 
soon expelled. 

1333. Battle of Halidon Hill. 
— Balliol restored— does ho- 
mage to Edward. 



1338. Struggle for the French 
crown,which lasts 120 years. 



1340. The victory of Helvoet 
Sluys — gives spirit to the 
English navy. 

^David, of Scotland, in- 
vades England. 

1346. Battle of Cress y. 

347- Siege and capture of 
.Jalais. 



1350. Victory over the Spanish 
fleet. — Parliament divided 
into two chambers, lords 
spiritual and temporal. 



E d 



r d , the 
Black Prince, 
gains the battle of 
Poitiers. — John made 
prisoner.— Two years' truce. 
— Edward again invades 
Scotland— is obliged to re- 
treat. 
1358. — again invades France. 

Sultan of the 1360. Peace of Bretigni. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1320. Russia : — The grand 
duchy of Wladimir confer- 
red on Ivan Danilovitsch. 



1326. Tartarv — Tamer- 
lane born at Kesh. 

1327. Italy :— Invaded by Louis, 
emperor of Germany. 



1333. Poland 
Great. W- 



Casimir th« 



1339. Italy:— Simon Bocane- 
gra, doge of Genoa. 

1340. Denmark : — Waldemar 
IV. restorer of the kingdom 

1342. Hungary : — Louis the 
Great. 

1343. Itary : Commercial 

treaty between Venice and 
the sultan of Egypt and 
Syria. 

1347. Italy:— R i e nz i, the 
last, of the Tribunes, rules 
at Rome. 



1350. Italy : — Naval war be- 
tween Venice and Genoa. 

1353. Establishment of the Ot- 
tomans in Europe. 

1354. Italy :— Rienzi killed — 
papal power restored. 

1356. First war between Hur> 
gary and Venice. 



1359. Hungary :— Conquest ol 
the principalities lying on 
the Danube. 



35 



94 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



I362 A.D.- 



4.d. Progress of Society, etc. 



Petrarch and Boccaci 



1364 Charles V. founds a college of 
medicine and astrology at 
Paris. 

i3 6 5 Foundation of the University 
of Vienna. 

Geof. Chaucer, father 
of English poetry. 



138(1 



1383 



1386 



.390 



1400 



1402 



Mysteries played in France. 



Wickliffe's translation of the 
Bible. 



University of Heidelberg 

founded. 
Froissart's Chronicles. 
John Van Eyck, invented oil 

painting — founder of the 



FlemisTi school. 



The first mill in Germany for 
the manufacture of linen 
paper. 

Chaucer's Astrolabe written. 



Revival of Greek literature in 
Italy. 



Chaucer dies. 



John Gomer, English poet. 



Ecclesiastical. 



1362. Pope Urban V. at Avig- 
non—beautifies the city of 1364. Fr. :— C h a r 1 e s V 



Home— presents the right 
arm of Thomas Aquinas to 
Charles V. of France, as an 
object of worship. 



1370. Pope Gregory IX. 



1378. " Schism of the West :" 
Pope Urban VI. ac- 
knowledged in the empire 
and England. 

Clement VII. acknow- 
ledged in France, Spain, and 
Scotland. 



1389. Pope Boniface IX. at 
Rome. 

1391. The English clergy for- 
biihlen to cross the sea for 
benefices. 

1394 Pope Benedict XIII 



France, Germany <fc Spain 



(the Wise.) 



1365. War with Navarre- 
battle of Amoy. 



1378. Germany:— Wen ces- 
las, (king of Bchemia), 
emperor. 



1380. Fr. : Charles Vi.^g 
(the Maniac). 

133-2. Battle of Rosbbcq— tha 
Flemings defeated — Arte- 
veldt killed. 



1386. France :— Fruitless at- 
tempt to invade England. 



139 2. —Charles seized 
madness. 



'itb 



1394. Germany :— The emper« 
or imprisoned by the peopie 
of Prague. 



1400. Ger.:— Robert, 
(Coun. Palatine). 



1403 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



95 



Eastern Empire. 



1373 



1389 
1391 



Treaty with Mura'd, the Otto- 
man emperor. 



Bajazet 1., sultan of the Turl 



Manuel II. 



emperor. 



England & Scotland. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1396 Victory of Nicopolis.— Sigis- 

mond, of Hungary, defeated 
by Bajazet I. 



1402 



Bajazet defeated and made 
prisoner by Tamerlane, at 
the battle of Angora. 



1362. The Black Prince aids 
Peter the Cruel, of Castile, 
to recover his throne. 



1369. A new war with France ; 
unsuccessful. 



1371. Scotland :— Robert II.— 

the House of Stuart. 
1376. Death of the Black 

Prince. 

1377.— Richard II. fg— 

First Speaker of the House 
of Commons. 



1378. Fruitless invasion of 
France. 

Insurrection of Wat Ty- 
ler. 



1382. The king marries Anne, 
daughter of Charles IV. 

1384. The Scots, assisted by 
France, invade England. 

1383. The English burn Edin- 
burgh. 



13S8. Battle of Otterbourne. 

1390. Scotland : Robert III. 
Persecution of the Wick- 
rtfites. 



1398. Henry, of Lancaster 
banished. 

House of Lancas 

1399. -Henry IV.ft- 
Richard II. deposed. 

1401. Rebellion of Owen Glen- 
dower, and 

1403. of the Percys, who are 
defeated at the battle of 
Shrewsbury. 



1362. Italy : — War betweer 
Pisa and Florence. 



1369. Tartary : — Tamerlane 
makes Samarcand the capi- 
tal of his new empire. 

1370. Poland :— Extinction oi 
the royal race of Piasts. 



137S. Italy :— Silvester de Me- 
dici, gonfaloniere of Flo- 
rence. 



1380. Russia:— Dimitri Ivano- 
vitsch victorious over the 
Tartars, near the Don. 

1382. The Tartars sack Mos 

cow. 

1381. Persia: — Invaded by 
Tamerlane; Ispahan taken. 
—Pyramids of human heads. 

1385. War between Austria 
and Switzerland. 

1386. Battle of Sempach :— 
the Austrians defeated. 

1387. Denmark & Norway :— 

Margaret, f§f the Semi- 

ramis of the north. 
1391. Italv :— Pisa falls under 
the yoke of the Visconti. 



1395. Tamerlane, overruns 
Kipchak and Russia 

1397. Union of Calmar, form- 
ing Denmark, Sweden, and 
Norway into a single mo- 
narchy. 

1399. Invasion of India hj 
Tamerlane. 



9 6 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. I403 A.D.- 



*.d. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical. France, Germany, & Spain 



1407 

1409 



[420 



1423 



1425 



1430 



Rodrigo, of Zamora, Spanish 

historian. 
University of Leipsic found- 



Thomas a Kempis. 
John Hubs. 
Jerome, of Prague. 



First Portuguese colonies on 
the coast of Africa, Madei- 
ra, &c. 



George of Peurbach, astrono- 
mer at Vienna. 



Peter d'Ailly, theologian. 



The arts promoted in Italy by 
Cosmo de Medici. 



England increases her trade 
with the Mediterranean. 



Michael Walhgemuth, Ger- 
man painter, (teacher of 
Durer). 

Fra. Filippo Lippi, painter. 



INVENTION OF PRINT- 
ING at Mayence. 

John Mailer Regiomontanus, 
German astronomer and 
mathematician. 



1404. Pope Innocent VII. 
1406. " Gregory XII. 



1409. The council of Pisa de 
poses Gregory and Bene 
diet, and elects Alexander 
V. ; — neither will yield, so 
that there are three popes at 
once. 

1410. Pope John XXIII. 



1414. Council of Constance. 



1416. John Huss. and Jerome. 
of Prague, burnt by the 
Council of Constance. 

1417. Pope Martin V. 



1429. Pope Clement VIII. at 
Avignon, resigns, and ends 
the "Schism of the West." 



1431. Pope Eugenius IV. 
Council of Basle. 



1407. France : — Murder of 
Louis, Duke of Orleans. 

Spain:— John II., kin| 
of Castile. 



1410. Spain :— Ferdinand, king 
of Arragon. — Yusief III., 
king of Granada. 

1410. Fr. .-—Civil war between 
the parties of Orleans and 
Burgundy. 

Germany : — Death of 
Robert. 

141 1. Sigismund, (king 

of Hungary),f§g empe- 
ror. 
1113. France: — The French 
defeated by Henry V., of 
England, at Agincourt. 

1416. Spain : — Alfonzo V., kinf 
of Arragon and Sicily. 



1410. Sigismund succeeds to 
the Bohemian crown. 



1422. Fiance :— Death of Char 
les VI — Henry VI. pro- 
claimed at Paris king of 
France and England. 

— Charles VII.® — 
at Poitiers. 

1427. Orleans besieged by the 
English. 

1 129 '—saved by Joan o 1 
Arc. 

Charles crowned at 
Rheims ; makes a vain at- 
tempt to gain Paris. 

1431. .loan of Arc taken pri- 
soner and burnt as a witch. 

1431. Germany : — Sigismund 
visits Italy, and is crowned 
emperor by Pope Eugenius 

1435. Peace of Arras, between 
France and Burgundy. 



1436. France :— Recovery of 
Paris. 

1438. Pragmatic sanction of Bruges, establishes the liber 
'ies of the French church. 



1 43 8 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



97 



1413 



1425 



1438 



Easteiin Empire. 



Solyman I., Sultan of '.he 
Turks. 



Mohammeu L, Sultan of tho 
Turks. 



England & Scotland. 



1406. Scotland :— James 1. 



Amurath II. 3ultan of the 
Turks. 



John VII. 

perer. 



The emperor visits Italy to 
obtain help against the 
Turks— submits to the pope. 



1413. -Henry V .fg — 

1411. —claims the French 

crown. 
1415. — gains the battle 

of Agin court. 



1420. Treaty of Troyes.-Henry 
marries Catharine, daughter 
of Charles VI., and is de- 
clared heir to the French 
crown. 

1422. Death of Henry V. 

—Henry VI.^- 

1424. The Duke of Bedford 
defeats the French at Ver- 
neuil. 



1427. — besieges Orleans. 

1429. The siege raised by the 
Maid of Orleans. 



1431. — she is taken prisoner 
and burnt. 



1433. Death of the Duke of 
Bedford, followed by the 
loss of all the English pos- 
sessions in France, except 
Calais. 

1436. War with Scotland. 

1437. Scotland : — James II. 



The Would, elsewhere. 



1406. Italy -Pisa coi quered 
by Flore) ce. — Subjugation 
of' I'adua and Verona by 
Venice. 



1412. Italy:— Sack of Rome 
by Ladii las. king of Naples. 
Denmark, Norway, &c. : 

Eric VII.,ofPomerania.^|y 
Ml-"). Conquest of Ceuta, by 

the Portuguese. 
1419. Bohemia :— Hussite war. 



1420. Discovery of Madeira 
by the Portuguese. 



1124. Bohemia :-Death of John 
Ziska, the Hussite leader. 

Italy :— Warof the Duke 
of Milan against Florence. 



1429. Florence:— Cosmo d) 
Medici, patron of the 
arts and sciences. 



1431. Italy :— Second war ol 

Venice and Milan. 



1434. Foland :-Vladislas III. 



1436. Italy :— Third war be- 
tween Venice and Milan. 

1437. Portugal : — Expedition 
into Africa. 

1433. Portugal :— Alfonso V„ 



king. 



9 8 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. I43S A.J). 



d. Progress of Society, etc. Ecclesiastical 



1448 



Leonardo da Vinci, sculptor, 
architect, and painter— dis- 
covers perspective. 



Pet. Perugino, founder of the 
Roman school of paintitig, 
teacher of Raphael. 



Library of the Vatican, found- 
ed. 



The Azores discovered. 
Alain Chartica. French poet. 



Flourishing period of Flan- 
ders' trade.— All European 
nations have warehouses at 
Bruges and Ohent. — Book 
trade at Mayence. 



France. Germany & Spain. 



1447. Pope Nicholas V. 



1448. Concordat of Aschaflfen- 
berg, by which the liberties 
of the German church are 
compromised. 



1438. Germany : —House 
of Austria: 



— Albert II. W — 
(king of Bohemia anuHun- 
gary.) 



1440. Ger. :-F rede ric III 



France :— The dauphin, 
(Louis XL), rebels— but n 
pardoned. 



1444. — establishment of the 
companies of Archers, the 
first national standing army. 



1446. Germany : — War with 
Hungary, for refusing to 
give up the young prince. 
Vladislas. 



1451. Expedition cf Frederic 
to Rome. 



1453. Austria made an heredi- 
tary duchy by Frederic. 

End of the Trench ttaC 
English wars. 



453 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



99 



1443 



1444 



1448 



1451 



1463 



> 



Eastern Empirb. 



Insurrection of Scandeberg— 
victory over the. Turks near 
Nissa. 



Battle of Varna — Vladislas, 
king of Poland, defeated and 
killed by the Tarks. 



England & Scotland. The World, elsewhere. 



— Constantine Xll. ^§§? 

(Palaeologus,) the last of the 
Greek emperors. 



Mohammed II., Sultan of the 
Turks. 



Siege and capture 
of Constantinople 
by the Turk*: 

END OF THE EAST 
ERN EMPIRE. 



1444. Truce with France.— 
Marriage of Henry to Mar- 
garet, of Anjou. 



1447. Gloucester arrested for 
treason— dies suddenly. 



1450. Insurrection of Jack 
Cade— calling himself Mor- 
timer. 

Civil Wars of 
"the Roses:'' 

Richard, duke of York 
claims the throne. 



Scotland :— Struggles be- 
tween the king and aristo- 
cracy for power. 



1440. Hungary: — " 
chosen kmg.flr — - 

1441. Italy:— Peace of MartJ 
nego. 

1443. Alfonso V., of Arragon, 
unites the crown of the Twc 
Siciliea. 



1445. Poland : Casimir IV ^g 

1446. Tartary : — TJIugh Beg, 
pa ron of astronomy aM 
getgrapny. 



1448. Denmark :— Christian L 
of Odenburg.^g 

Sweden :— Charles Vilify 

1450. Italy :— Francesco Sfor- 
za, duke of Milan. 

Norway : Christian 

crowned at Drontheim.^g? 

Delhi :— Behol Lodi en- 
larges (he kingdom. 
1453. Poland : — CorfL -mation 
of the national liberty in th« 
Diet of Petr kan. 



IOO 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



454 A.D.- 



;'"»> 



uw 



1 166 



1471 



1476 



> 



1481 



14S4 



PR3GRE3S OF SOCIETY, etc. 



Philip de Comines, French 
historian. 



Wood engraving invented. 



Post- Offices in France and 
England. 



Faust dies at Paris, irhither 
as journeys twice to sell his 
Latin Bible. 



Beerhard invents the pedal to 
the organ. 



Printing in England— Cax- 
ton. 



Printed musical notes. 

Hungary :— Mathias patroni- 
zes literature and the arts. 

Large library at O fen— 300 
copyists of manuscripts. 



German ballads- 
Veit Weber. 



war songs of 



Watches first made at Nurem- 

burg. 
Mikrond and Rondemir, great 

Persian historians. 



Lady Juliana Berners, one of 
the earliest female writers 
of England. 



Hans Holbein, painter 



Franchino Gafurid, teacher in 
the first public school of 
music at Milan. 



Josquin de Prez, greatest mu- 
sical genius of his age 



1455. Battle of 
St. Albans. 

House 
of York: 
1461. —Ed- 
ward IV. 

ffjjj — gains 
the battle of 
Towton. 



1469.Warwick 
banished. 



1471. Battle of 

Barnet : 

Warwick 
slain —Hen- 
ry VI. dies in 
the Tower. 



1483. Ed 

ward V 



Richard, 
Protector. — 
The king & 

his brother 
murdered in 
the Tower. 

—Rich- 
ard III. 



1485 -Henry, 
earl of Rich- 
mond, lands 
at Mil ford 
Haven. 

Battle 
of B o s- 
worth 

Field: 

Richard 

defeated and 
elain. 



Scotland. 



1460. James 
III. 



France. 



1479. War with 

England . — 
Conspiracy 
of the no- 
bles ; — they 
take the kinir 
prisoner. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1454. Spain: — 
Henry IV. oi 

Castile. W 



1469. Mania ga 
of Ferdinand, 



1461. Louis 

XI* — 

Civil war.— ' of Arraeon, 
with Isabel- 
la, of Oa» 
tile. 



— Peace of 
Conflans. 



1175. War be- 
tween Louis 
and Charles 
of Burgun- 
dy, 

1476. —who is 
defeated at 
Granson and 
Morat, and 

1477. — slain at 

Nancy. 

Artois and 
Burgundy 
united to the 

French 
crown. 



1483.— C h a r 
les VIII 



1479. Union 
o f Casti 1 e 
and A r r a - 
g o n under 

Ferdinand 
1 1 . and Isa- 
bella. 

1 ISO. The In- 

q u i s i t i o n . 
— X i m e 
n e s , bishor 
of Toledo. 

1481. Port. :— 

John II. fS 

1484. First au 
da-fe at S» 
villa 



I485 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



IOI 









Ottoman 


* 


A.D. 


German v. 


Italy. 


Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 






1454. Struggle 




1454. Poland :— War with tha 






between Cos- 


1455. Tur^a re- 


Teutonic Order. 




mod da Me- 


pulsed at Bel- 








dici and the 


grade. 








aristocracy. 










1458. The 




1458. Hungary : - — Mathita 






French rule 




Corvin,Hf :nakes hii 






in Genoa. 




1462 


The emperor besieged in his 


Pope Pi- 




country formidable to DAf 




court at Vienna— delivered 


us II. 




neighbors. 




by G. Podiebrad, of Bohe- 
mia. 


1463. War of 




1462. Russia :-Ivan if- - 




Venice with the Turks. 










the Great — takes the title ti 






1464. Pietrode 




Czar. 






Medici at 








Florence. 


1464. War with 


1466. Peace of Thorn— East 






Pope Paul 


Hungary. 


Prussia a fief of Poland.— 






II. 




West Prussia ceded to Po- 






1466. Galeaz- 




land. 






zo, duke of 




1468. Uzun Hasan, master ol 






Milan. 




all Persia. 


1169 


Invasions of the Turks. 


1469. Loren- 
zo d e Me- 
dici, suc- 












1470. — forms an alliance with 








the Venetians and the duke 






ceeds Pietro. 
1471. Sixtus 
IV. pope. 

Power of 
the Medici 


of Burgui 


dy against the Turks— con- 
quers Bagdad. 


1472 


University of Ingoldstodt. 




1472. Russia : — Ivan marries 
Sophia, niece of the Greek 
emperor. 

1474. — shakes ofT the Tartai 






increases. 








Learning 
flourishes. 




yoke, and captures Novo- 
gorod. 


1477 


Marriage of Maximilian and 










Maria of Burgundy. 


1478. Conspi- 
racy of the 




1477. Hungry — War with 
Frederic III. 




Pazzi at Flo- 
rence. —Ciu- 
lio, brother 
of Lorenzo 


1479. Fruitless 






attempt upon 
Rhodes. 






de Medici, 










slain. 


1480. -capture 
and destroy 
Otranto. 

1481. Bajazet 

II. A 

the first un- 
warlike sul- 
tan. 


1481. Denmark :- John, Im- 
partially acknowledged^ in 
Sweden. 






1484. Innocent 




1485. Hungary : — Mathias 






VIII., pope. 




takes Vienna. 



3") 



102 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



I485 A.D.- 



1490 



1493 



1497 
-8 



1493 



\> 1517 



Prosress op Society, etc. 



Martini Behaim, (Nurem- 
burg,) publishes a map of 
the world. 

DISCO VERY OF 
AMERICA. 

First printing press at Copen 
hagen. 

The second voyage of Colum 
bus.—\ Spanish colony at 
Hispaniola. 

The discoveries of John and 
Sebastian Cabot. 

Third voyage of Columbus. 
He discovers Trinidad and 
the Continent. 

Lisbon, the great seat of trade. 
— Venice declines. 

Maritime enterprises greatly 
extended. 

Sir Thomas Mure's Utopia, 
published. 

Nicholas Machiavelli, states- 
man and historian. 
1499 Amerigo Vespucius'a voyage. 
1502 fourth voyage of Columbus. 

Raphael, Michael Angelo, Ti- 
tian, Corregio, painters. 

St. Peter's, and other magni- 
ficent churches built. 



The cele' rated tapestry, after 
Raphael ;— Cartoons woven 
in the Netherlands. 

LUT HE R, Erasmus, 
Melancthou , and other 
reformers. 

Roger Ascham, tutor of queen 
Elizabeth. 

Hans Sachs, founder of Ger- 
man drama. 

Copernicus, discovers 
th» true system of the Uni- 
verse—his great work, De 
Orbium Ccelestium Revolu- 
tionibus. 



England. 



1522 First complete circumnavi- 
gation of the globe, by Ma- 
gellan 



(.85. House 
Tudor:— 
— H e n r v VII 



I486. Imposture of 
Lambert Symnel. 
The Star Cham- 
ber established. 



1493. Perk in War- 
beck, pretends to 
be Richard, duke 
of York — defeated 
on Blackheath. 



1497. Cabot makes 
discoveries in A- 
merica. 

1499. Earl of 
Warwick, last 
of the Plantage- 
nets, executed. 



Scot- 
land. 



France. 



1487 :- 

James 

IV. 



1309. H e n r y 

Vlll.^ 

joins the League 
of Cambray. 

1513. Invasion of the 
Scots. — Battle of 
Flodden — the king 
and chief Scots 
killed. 

1515. W o I s e y , 
chancellor and car- 
dinal. 

1520. The Emperor 
visits England. — 
Meeting of Henry 
and Francis at the 
" Field of the Cloth 
of Gold." 

1521. The Reformed 
doctrines opposed 
by Henry, in his 
book 1 n the Seven 
Sacraruents — he 
receives the title 
of " Defender of 
the Faith." 



1503,: — 

James 

marries 
Marga- 
ret, of 
Ens- 

laud. 



1513. : — 

James 
V. 



1491. Bretag- 
ne united to 
the crown 
by the king's 
marriage 
with Anne. 

1494. Invasion 
of Italy. 



1498.— Louis 
Xll.ljf- 

I499. 

vades Italy 
— conquer 
the Milane.se 
Duchy. 



1500. Treaty 
with Ferdi- 
nand, of Ara- 
gon, for the 
conquest and 
partition 
Naples. 



1510. The 
Council of 
Tours, to 
support the 

king against 
the Hoiy 
League. 



Spain anb 
Portugal. 



i:»i: 



-Fran 



cisl.ff- 

— invades 
Italy— victory 
of Marigna- 
no — Genoa 
and Milan 
submit. 
1516. Concor- 
dat with the 
pope, instead 
of pragma- 
tic sanction. 
1521. First war 
with ( har- 
les V. 



[492. Con- 
quest of 
Granada by 
Gonzalo dc 
Cordova. 

Discovery 
o f A me r i- 
ca, by Co- 
lum b us . 

1498. Vasco 
d e G a m a 

doubles the 
Cape of 

G I Hope. 

and reaches 
India. 



1506. Colurr- 
bus dies at 
Valladolid 

1507. Cardinal 
Ximenes. 

Board of 
American 
trade at Se- 
ville. 



I516.-Char 

les, fa- 
king ot all 
Spain, and 
the Nether- 
lands. 
1519. Con 
q u e s '. o 1 
Mexico 
by C o r t e s , 



522 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



I03 



Germany. 



1493 



-Maximilian I 



1302 



University of Wittenburg. 



1503 Maximilian enters Italy to be 
crowned by the pope. 
— joins the League of Cam- 
bray. 

1512 — divides the empire into ten 
circles. 



15*7 
1518 



Commencement of 
the Reformation. 

Luther summoned before the 
diet of Augsburg. 

— Charles V .ff§^ — 
jf Spain. 

The archduke Ferdinand, mar- 
ries Anne, sister of Louis— 
whence the accession of 
Bohemia and Hungary to 
the House of Hapsburg. 

Diet of Worms. 



Italy. 



1492. Pietro II. 
succeeds his 
father, Lo- 
renzo, in Flo- 
rence. 

Pope Alex- 
ander VI., 
(Borgia.) 

1494. Expedi- 
tionof Char- 
les VIII. in- 
to Italy. 

1499. Amerigo 
Vespucius's 
voyage to 
America. 

150U Partition 
of Naples 
between 
France and 
Spain. 

1502. Florence: 
Machiavelli, 
Secretary of 
State. 

1503. Naples 
annexed to 
the Spanish 
Crown. 

Pope Pius 
III. 

Pope Ju- 
lius II. 
1508. League 
of Cambray 
against Ve- 
nice. 

1510. Holy 
League to 
expel the 
French. 

1511. Council 
of Pisa. 

1513. Pope 
Leo X. 
(de Medici.) 
patron of li- 
terature and 
arts. 

The build- 
ing of St. 
Peter's com- 
menced. 

1519. Cardinal 
de Medici 
holds rule m 
Florence. 

1522. Pope 
Adrian VI 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1493. Wars 
with Egypt. 
Hungary, 

and Venice. 



1503. Peace 
with Venice. 

1505. War with 
Persia. 



1512. Selim I., 

4 de- 

thrones and 

Euts to death 
is father. 

1514. The Per- 
sians defeat- 
ed at Kalde- 
roon. — Me- 
sopotamia 
and Kurdis- 
tan added to 
the empire. 

1516. Cairo 
taken by 
storm.— Ma- 
meluke do- 
minions an- 
nexed to the 
empire. 

1520. Soliman, 

ifr (the 

Magnificent.) 
1521." Belgrade 

taken by 

storm. 
1522. Rhodes 

capitulates 



1438. India:— Sekander Lodi, 

kins of Delhi. 
1492. "Poland :— John Albeit. 



AMERICA discovered by 
Columbus. 



1493. Spanish colony »t His 
paniola. 



1499. Voyage of Amerigo Ves- 
pucius.-— South American 
coast explored. 

1501. Poland : — Alexander. 



[502. Ismail Shah Soofi 
makes himself sole sov- 



erign of Persia. 



1506. Poland :— Sigismund I. 
W (the Great.) 



1509. Bohemia: — Louis, ffg— . 
3 years old. 

1510. America: — Settlement 
at Uarien. 

1511. America : — C u b a con- 
quered. 

1512. America: — Florida 
discovered. 

1513. South Sea first reached 
by Balboa. 

1516. Hungary and Bohemia . 
-Louis II. f| 

1517. India :— Ibrahim Lod* 
king ol Delhi 

1517. America: — First pat em 
for importing Negroes— 
granted by Spain. 

15 is. Curs;i'ii-s in Algiers. 

1519. MEXICO conquered bj 
the Spaniards, under Co* 



io4 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1523 A.D.- 



1530 



1533 



1530 



1538 
IM'J 



1542 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Xavier plants Christianity in 
India. 



Ariosto, Italian poet. 



Albert Dure?: 
First work on military archi 
tecture. 



Jorgens invents the spinning 

wheel for spinning flax. 
Rabelais, French humorist. 



Botanic Gardens at Padua. 



Ignatius Loyola founds the 
order of the Jesuits. 



Papal bull declaring the Ame- 
rican natives to be rational 
beings. 

The diving bell invented. 

Calvin founds the Univer- 
sity of Geneva. 

Pins first used by Catharine 
Howard, queer, of England. 

John Knox, Scottish Refor- 
mer. 

A commercial treaty between 
Portugal and Japan. 



[ 545 Needles first made. 

Vasalius's work on Anatomy. 

Revival of Stoicism, by Justus 

Lipsius. 
Palestrina, founder of Italian 

church music. 

Giacomo Carisimi. 

1646 Orange trees introduced into 
Europe. 



1529. Sir Thomas 
More, Lord Chan- 
cellor. — Rise of 
Cranmer, archbi- 
shop of Canter- 
bury. 



1532. The king mar- 
ries Anne Boleyn. 



i535. Bishop Fisher 
and Sir Thomas 
More beheaded. 

Henry excom- 
municated by the 
Pope 

1536. —marries Jane 
Seymour. — Sup- 
pression of the 
smaller monaste- 
ries. 



1543 Henry invades 

France ■ lakes 

Boulogne. 

1544. French fleet 
gain a victory over 
the English, off 
the Isle of Wight. 



1547. 



Edward 



vi. W — 

Somerset invades 
Scotland —defeats 
the Scots at Pin- 
kie. 

Formal esta- 
blishment of Pro- 
testantism. 



Scot- 
land. 



1536. : — 
Spread 
ol the 
Refor- 
mation. 
—Pro- 
testants 
persecu- 
ted. 

1542.: — 

M a r y . 



Earl of 
Arran, 

regent. 



France. 



1525. Francis 
defeated and 
taken pri- 
soner at Pa 
via. 

1527. Second 
war with 
Charles V. 

1529. Treaty of 
Cambray. — 
Great en- 
couragement 
given loans 
and sciences. 
—The Lou- 
vre com- 
menced. 

1532. Calvin 
preaches. 
Third 
French war. 
— Siege of 
Marseilles. 



1538. Truce of 
Nice — lor 10 
years. 

Attempt to 
recover pow- 
er in Italy ; 
hence the 

1549. Fourth 
French war. 



1511. P,>ncc 01' 
Crespy. 
France gives 
up Italy. 

1547. Henry 

II. f| 

The fa- 
mous Catha- 
rine d e 
Medici, 
queen. 



Spain and 
portuoal. 



1536. Acquisi- 
tion of Mi- 
lan. 



540. i 
gal : — Lis- 
bon , the 
market of 
the world. 

542. C o in - 
mercial trea- 
ty between 
Portugal and 
Japan. 



1548 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



IO; 



Germany. 



Italy. 



General insurrections of the 
peasantry, under Thomas 
Miinzer. 



[526 Charles marries Isabella, of 
Portugal. 
Death of Frederic, of Saxony. 



; 529 



1538 



1543 



The Turks invade Germany. 
—Diet of Spires.— Luther- 
ans first called Protestants. 

League of Smulcald. 



Congress of Nice between the 
Emperor, the Pope, and the 
king of France. 



War in allianse with England 
against France. 



1645 Diet of Worms. 

1546 War of the Smalcaldists. 

1547 Duke Maurice, elector of Saxo- 
I V 



1523. Clement 
VII., pope 



1525. Spain ac- 
quires the 
ascendency 
by the victo- 
ry of Pavia. 



1527. The Me- 
dici expend 
from Flo- 
rence. 



1530. Medici 
restored. — 
Charles V 
crowned at 
Bologna. 



1534. Paul III., 

pope. 



1537. Cosmo 
de Medici, 
duke of Tus- 
cany. 

1510. Investi- 
ture of Mi- 
lan confer- 
red by Char- 
ges V. on 
Philip. 



1545. Council 
of Trent. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



1526. Invasion 
of Hungary. 



1529. Invasion 
of Germany. 
—Siege of 
Vienna. 

The Otto- 
man navy 
formidable 
under the 
command of 
Barbaiossa 



1535. — who 
seizes Tu- 
nis. — The 
emperor, 
Charles V., 
restores the 
Moorish 
king. 



1541. Destruc- 
tion of an ar- 
mament, led 
by Charles 
V. against 
Algiers. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1523. Sweden:— Revolt under 
Gustavus Vas a .—The 
Danes expelled. — Union of 
Calmar dissolved. 

Denmark and Norway • 

—Frederic I. fig 

1525. Albert, duke of Prussia. 



1547. The 
Turks in- 
vade Persia, 
and capture 
Ispahan. 



1530. Malta giver 
knights of Rhodes 



1532. Union of Norway an* 
Denmark. 



1533. Conquest of Pe- 
ru, by Cortes. 



Russia :— Ivan IV., (the 
Terrible). 



1536. Cortes discovers Califor- 
nia. 



1543. First standing army in 
Sweden. 



1545. South America: — MiQM 
of Potosi discovered. 



1548. Poland :— Sigismuud IL 

W (AjgUStUB). 



io6 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1549 A.D.- 



1558 



1560 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Scaliger, Philologist. 
Montaigne, French Essayist. 



Cardan, Italian philosopher 



Sealing wax comes into use 
in Europe. 

Foundation of Jesuit Colleges 
in opposition to Protestant 
Schools. The first at Co- 
imbra, in Portugal. 



Only two carriages in Paris- 
horses and litters generally 
used. 



Snuff first brought into France 
— Kniyes first made in Eng 
land. 



Torquato Tasso Guarini, 

poets. 



Camoens, Portuguese poet. 



Thomas Tains, English mu- 
sician. 



1549. The English 
Liturgy comple- 
ted and establish- 
ed by act of Par- 
liament 

1553. Northumber- 
land intrigues to 
settle the crown on 
Lady .lane Grey, 
his daughter-in 
law. 

-Mary.fi— 

Catholicism re- 
stored. 

1554. The queen 
marries Philip, of 

Spain.— Lord Dud- 
ley and Lady .lane 
Grey executed. 

1555. Bloody perse- 
cution of Protes- 
tants. 

1557. War with 
France to support 
Spain.— Calais 
lost. 

1558. — Eliza- 



Scot. 

LAND. 



Cecil, Lord 

Burleigh, Secreta- 
tary of State. 

Protestantism 
established. 

The Puritatis 
begin to rise. 



1568. —Mary, queen 
of Scots, takes re- 
fuge in England— 
and is imprisoned. 

1570. Civil wars of 
the Desmonds 
in Ireland. 



1560. Ca- 
tholic- 
ism abo- 
lished 
by par- 
lament. 
1565. : — 
Mary 
marries 
Lord 
Darn- 
ley. 

1565. : - 
Revolt 
of Pro- 
testants . 
1567. : — 
Darnley 
murder- 
ed — the 
queen 
marries 
earl of 
Both- 
well— is 
dethron- 
ed and 
impri- 
soned at 
Lochle- 
ven. 

James 

vi. A 



1570. :— 

Lennox , 
regent. 



France. 



1552. Fifth war 
with Char- 
les V. 



Spain and 
Portugal. 



1557. The 

French defeat- 
ed at St. 

Quentin. 

1558.— at Gra- 
veliues. 

1559. Peace of 

Chateau — 

Cambresis. 

F r a n c i s 

II. A 

Duke of 
Guise, min- 
ister. 

1560— Char- 

lesIX.i 

1562. Religious 
liberty grant- 
ed 10 the Hu- 
guenots. 

First civil 
relisious war 
—Huguenots 
supported by 
England — de 

leated at 
Dreux. 

1567. The se- 
cond war. — 
Huguenots 
defeated at 
St. Denys. 



1569. — routed 
at Jarnac. — 
C o n d e 

killed. 



!554- Corcan, 
in India, lost. 

1556. Charles 
abdicates— 

Philip H.fjf 

1557. Portu- 
gal :— Sebas- 



1564. Acquisi- 
tion of the 
Philippines 



1567. Duke ol 
Alva, gover- 
nor of the 
Netherlands 



l.vO. War 

wuh the 

Turks.— Na- 

vai victorj 

at Lepaata 



I 57i a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



10: 



1561 



Germany. 



Treaty of Passau secures reli- 
gious liberty to the Protes- 
tants. 

Fruitless siege of Mentz 



1556 



1658 



Charles abdicates. 



— F erdinand I . l§f — 
king of Hungary and Bohe- 
mia. 

Coronation by the pope relin- 
quished. 



-Maximilian II 



1550. 
III. 



Julius 
pope. 



1555. Marcel- 
lusll., pope. 
Paul IV., 
(Caraffa) 
I ope. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



Thb VV jrld, elsewhere. 



1551. Tripoli 
taken from 
the Maltese 
knights. 

155"2. Invasion 
of Hungary. 

1553. War with 
Persia. 

Building of 
the mosque 
of Solyman- 
yah, at Con- 
stantinople. 



1553. New Mexico dis 
covered by the Spaniards 



556. India:— Jelaleddin Ak- 
jar, a patron of science and 
iterature, aided by his min- 
isters, Abu Fazl and Sheikh 
Faizi. 

— raises the Mogul em 
pire to its greatest splendor. 



1559. Pius IV 
(Medici) 
pope. 

Peace of 
Chateau — 
Cambresis 
terminates 
the French 

wars in Italy. 
Tranquil- 
lity for 66 
years. 

1562. Council 
of Trent re- 
assembled. 

15G6. Pius V.. 
pope. 

1569. Florence, 
a grand du- 
chy. 

Cosmo 
de Medi- 
c i , declared 
grand duke 
of Tuscany, 
by Pius V. 



1570. War of Venice with 

the Forte. 

1571. Cyprus reduced by the 

Turks. 

Iiattle of 
Lepanto. 



1559. Naval 
victory of 
Galves, gain 
ed by Dra- 
gut. 

Military 
power 3f 
the Turks at 
its greatest 
height, un 
derSoliman. 



1565. Unsuc- 
cessful siege 
of Malta. 

156G. Death of 
Soliman at 
the siege of 
Sigeth. 

Selim II. 



1559. Denmark and Norway 

—Frederic II.® 

Decrease of the influence 
of the Hanse towns. 

1560. Sweden:— Eric XIV. @ 



1562. War with Russia and 
Poland.— An Fngush am- 
bassador in Pe;uia. 

1564. Coligny Btnds a colony 
of HusuenotP to Florida- 
destroyed by the Spaniards 

1563. Prussia : -Albert Frede 



Sweden:- John III. 



1570 Peace ol Stetin, between 
Denmark, Norway, and 
Sweden. 

1571 Russia devastated by the 
khan of Crim Tartary.- 
Moscow burnt. 



ioS 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1572 A.D. 



1573 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Cervantes, author of Don 

Quixotte. 
Titian, and Paolo Veronese, 

painters. 



England. 



Scot- 
land. 



France. 



1577 



15S2 



1585 



1586 



Sir Francis Drake' 1 
round the world. 



voyage 



Sir Philip Sydney's Arcadia. 



Gregorian Reformation of the 
Calendar. 



Greenland discovered by Sir 
Francis Drake. 

Tobacco first brought to Eu- 
rope. 



First newspaper in England. 



1590 Telescopes invented by Jan 
sen, a German. 



1578. The queen 
sends helf. to ilie 
revolted Nether- 
lands. 



1583. Levant Com- 
pany chartered. 

1584. Raleigh's co- 
lony in Virginia. 

1585 War with 
Spain. 

L586. Sir Philip 

Sidney killed at 

Zutphen. 
1587. The Queen of 

Scots beheaded. 
1583. The Spanish 

armada destroyed. 
1589. Alliance with 

Henry II. in aid 

of Protestantism. 

—Troops sent to 

France. 



1572. Massacre 
of St. Bar- 
tholomew. 

1573. Peace of 
Rochelle. 

1574. -Hen- 

rylll.flp 

Fifth war 
with the Hu- 
uenots 

1576. The Ca- 
tholic 
League. 

1577. Sixth re- 
ligious war. 



Spain an» 

PORTUGAi. 



1581. :— 
Gow- 
ne's 
conspi- 
racy 
a_ linst 
the king. 



Port. 



1578 
Ilenry.^p- 

1580. Portugal 

falls undei 
Spanish do- 
minion. 



Tasso, Italian poet. 
The Carracci, celebrated pain 
ters. 

In England : — Spenser, 
Shakspeare, Beau- 
mont & Fletcher, Ben Jon- 
son. — Napier invents loga- 
rithfns. 



Lord Bacon, celebrated phi- 
losopher. 

Lope de Vega, dramas and 
novels. 

Kepler, Tycho Brahe, astro- 
nomers. 



1593. Act for reli 
gious conformity, 

1594. Sir John Haw 

kins s Voyages. 



1596. Cadiz taken, 
and the Spanish 
fleet burnt, by the 
earl of Essex. 

Sir Robert Cecil, 
minister. 



1599. Troubles in 
Ireland : — Revolt 
of O'Neill, earl of 
Tyrone. 



1590. :— 

The 

king 

marries 
Anne, of 
Den- 
mark, 



1583. Revolt of 
Paris. 

1589. House 
of Bour- 
bon: 
—11 E n R Y 



1590. Siege of 
Paris raised 

by the Spa- 
niards. 

1593. Henry 
abjures Pro- 

testantism. 

1594. Jesuits 
banished. 

1595. War with 
Spain con- 
tinued. 

1593. Peace of 
Vervius. 

Ministry of 
Sully: — 
restoration 
of order. 
Edict op 
Nantes 
—granting 
toleration to 
Protestants. 



1588. Defeat 0! 
the Spanish 
armada. 

1589. English 
volunteers 
under Drake 
and Noma, 
repulsed 
from Lisbon. 



1598. Philip 
III & - 



1599 A - D - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



IO9 



i S7 6 



— R odolph II . iff — 
king of Bohemia ami Hun- 
gary. 



The imperial authority disre- 
garded by the princes of the 
empire, who wage war 
among the nseives. 



Union of Protestants at Heil 
bronn. 



1572. Gregory 
XIII., pope. 

1573. Cyprus 
yielded to 
the Porte ; 

1574 Florence: 
— Frances Ma- 
ria succeeds 
Cosmo. 



1580. Charles 
Emmanuel, 
duke of Sa- 
voy. 



Sixtus 



V., pope, 
active and 
energetic— 
corrects 
abuses in 
the church ; 
restores the 
Vatican li- 
brary. 



1590. Urban 
VII., pope. 

Gregory 
XIV., pope. 

1591. Innocent 
IX., pope 
two months. 

Clement 
VIII., pope. 

1592. The Ri- 
alto and Pi- 
axza di San 
Marco built 
at Venice. 



peace with Ve- 
nice. 
1574. — Murad 

HI. A 



1576. War with 
Persia. 



1580. War with 
the Druses 
in Syria. 

15S3. First 
trade with 
England. 



The World, elsewhere 



1574 Poland:— Henry, of Va 
lois.fl? 

1575 Poland :— Stephen Ba- 
ihori.lt?— 



1578. Alliance of Sweden and 
Poland against Russia. 

1579. Commencement 
ofthe Republic of 
HOLLAND, by the union 
at Utrecht: 

William, Prince 
of Orange, siadthol- 
der. 

1584. North America: 
—First English colony found- 
ed in Virginia, by Sir W. 
Raleigh. 

1565. Persia acquires power 
under Abbas the Great. 

Holland : — Maurice, of 
Oranse, stadtholder. 

1586. Battle of Zutphen : death 
of Sir Philip Sidney. 



15S9. Predato 
ry incur- 
sions of the 
Cossacks 

Revolt of 
the Janiza 
ries. 

1593. War with 
the Empire 
in Hungary 

1594. The" 
Grand Vi- 
zier takes 
Raab. 

1595. Moham- 
med HI. W 

Turkish 
power in 
Hungary de- 
clines ; de- 
feated at 
Gran — re- 
volt of Wal- 
lachia. 
1597. Moham- 
med leads his 
troops, and 
defeats the 
Germans at 
Agria. 



1588. Denmark 

iv.A— 



-Christian 



1592. Sweden : — Sigismund, 
kins of Poland. 

India:— Mizam Shah, re- 
pulsed from Choul, by the 
Portuguese. 

1594. The Falkland Isles die- 
covered by Hawkins. 

1595. The Dutch first in Indiv 
Sweden :— The regent as- 

sumes independent auth> 
rity. 



1598. Russia : —Boris Goda- 

nov,fif begins a nv,w 

dynasiy. 

Sisismund lands in Swe 
den, to re-establish his pow 
er — but is defeated, and re- 
turns to Poland. 



IIO 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1 60 1 A.D.- 



iG03 
1604 



1606 



1510 



1615 

1616 



/> 



1618 
1620 



i624 
1625 

1620 



1627 



Progress op Society, etc. 



English East India Compa- 
ny lbuikd&_ 



Ezportation o. Eng.ish wool 
prohibited. 

Conference at Hampton Court. 

New Translation of the Bi- 
ble begun; (published 1611). 

Dr. Gilbert discovers the pow- 
er of electricity, and of con- 
ductors and non-conductors. 



Telescopes invented by Gali- 
leo. 



Coffee at Venice. 
Tobacco in Virginia. 

Bacon's Inductive Philoso- 
phy. 

Harvey discovers the circu'a- 
tion of the blood. 

Thermometers invented by 
Drebel. 

lnigo Jones, celebrated archi- 
tect. 

Martin Opitz, German poet. 

Negro Slavery co v tnenced in 
Virginia. 



Peter Paul Rubens, painter. 

Massinger, the dramatist. 

Kepler's " Ast: Hiornia Nova 
Celestis." 

Torricelli invents the barome- 
ter. 

The Parian marbles brought 
to England by the earl of 
Ar indei. 



Gazettes first published in 
Venice. 



England. 



1604.— Acadia co- 
lonized hy the 
French. 



1606. — Discovery 
of Hudson's Bay. 

1607.— E n g 1 i s h 
settlement at 
Jamestown, 
(1st permanent 
one in N. Ame- 
rica.) 

1608. —Quebec 
founded. 

1609. —Jesuit mis- 
sions in Para- 
guay. 



1614. New Am- 
sterdam settled 
by the Dutch. 



1616.— The Tobac- 
co plant introdu- 
ced into Virgi- 
nia. 



1620.— Negro 
slaves first im- 
ported to Virgi- 
nia. 

Emigra- 
tion of Pu- 
ritans to 
New Eng- 
land. 

1621. —John Car- 
ver, 1st Gover- 
nor of N. E. 



1627. Boston found- 



1629. Wouter Van 
Twiller, gover- 
nor of New Am- 
sterdam. 



1601. Earl of Essex be- 
headed. 

1603.— James I.@— 
Union of the 
English and 
Scotch crowns. 

1605. The Gunpowder 
Plot. 



1612. English factories at 
Surat. 



1616. Ministry of Villiers, 
duke of Buckingham. 

1617. Sir Francis Bacon, 
lord chancellor. 

1618. Sir Walter Ra- 
leigh's unsuccessful 
voyage to America — 
he is beheaded on his 
return. 



Franob. 



1610. Assasn- 
nation of 
Henry IV., 
by llavail- 
lac. 

Louis 

xin, .A 

(9 years old). 
Mary de Me- 
dici, regent. 

1614. Last as- 
sembly of the 

States-gene- 
ral. 

1615. The kin- 
marries 
Anne, of 

Austria. 

Civil war: — 
C o n d e 
heads the 
Hugue- 
nots. 



1624. Ministry 
1625.— Charles I.fff of Cardinal 
Richelieu. 
Buckingham, prime 
minister. 

in support of 
1627. War with France, the Hugue- 
nots. 

Rochelle 
reduced by 

1629. No parliament for famine — af- 
eleven years. ter a siege of 

1630. Peace with France. ten months. 



163O A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



II 



Spain 

AND 

Portu- 
gal. 



I 6< ' ) 



Expul- 
sion of 

the 
Moors. 



1613 War of 
the 
Mont- 
ferrat 

succes- 
ion in 
Italy. 



1621 



Italy. 



160G. Truce of Co- 
morra, for twenty 
years 
Porte. 



win 



the 



1625 



1625 



1630 



Dutch 
war.— 
Spain 
sup- 
ports 
Austria. 
Philip 

iv.# 

Defeat 
of Span- 
fleet off 
Lima, 
by the 
Dutch. 
Naval 
war 
with 
Eng- 
land. 
Peace 
with 
Eng- 
land. 



1608. Protectant 
union, under Fre- 
deric, the elector 
palatine. 

1610. The Catholic 
League, under the 
duke of Bavaria 

1612. Matthias 



1615. Truce of Co 
morra confirmed. 

1618. The Thirty 
Years' War 
begins. 

1619.— Ferdinand 

II.4 

1620. Victory of the 
White Mountain, 

near Prague. 

Massacre of 
Prague.— The Pro- 
testant religion to- 
tally suppressed. 



1626. Victory of Til- 
ly over Christian 
IV., of Denmark, 
ai Lutter. 

1628.Wallenstein 
recovers all the 
shores of the Bal- 
tic, except Stral' 
sund. 

1629. Gustavus Adol 
phus lands in Ger 
many. — Diet of 
Ratisbon. — Wal 
lenstein dismissed, 
succeeded by Til 



1605. Leo XL, 
pope. 

Paul V., 
pope. 



1609.Tuscany 
— Cosmo II 



Leghorn, 
the empori 

ura of 1 he 
Levant trade 



1618. Conspi- 
racy of Bed 
mar, the 
Spanish en- 
voy, to re- 
duce Venice 
under sub- 
jection to 
Spain. 

1621. Gregory 
XV., pope. 
Tuscany : — 
Ferdinand II. 

1623. The fa- 
mous library 
of the Pala- 
tine at Hei- 
delberg, sent 
to Rome. 

1623 Genera 
Italian war 
on the death 
of the duke 
ofMantua. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



1605. Revolt in 
Syria and 
Caramania, 
under the 
pasha of 
Aleppo. 

1G06. Com- 
mercial 
treaty with 
France and 
Holland. 

Tobacco 
first brought 
to Turkey 



The World, elsewhere. 



1604. Sweden : Charles IX. 



1605. India : —Jehangir, s»l 
tan. 



1617. — Musta- 
pha I. W- 

1618. — Osman 

II- A 

Great Per- 
sian victory 
at Shibli. 
1620 War with 
Poland, and 
unsuccess 
ful invasion 
of Poland 

1623. Murad 

IV. # 

restores tran- 
quillity. 

1625. Truce 
with the em- 
pire renew- 
ed. 



1609. India :— Arrival of Haw- 
kins, first English envoy 
from the East India Com- 
pany. 
Sweden : — G u s t a v u s 

Adolphus. ft 

1611. Sweden: — War with 
Denmark.— Calmar and Ris- 
by lost.— Axel Oxenstiern, 
minister.— Russia devasta- 
ted by Poles and Tartars. 

Russia: — Michael Ro- 
manoff, czar. 

1615. Denmark :— First stand 
ing army 

1616. India :— SirThomas Roe 
ambassador from James I 
ui England. 

Sweden predominates in 
the north. 
1618. The Synod of Dort- 
Arminius condemned. 

Settlement of Tanquebar, 
in Coromandel. 

1621. Dutch West India Com- 

pany incorpoiated. 
1 1622. Persia :— Ormuz gained 
from the Portuguese by he 
help of the English. 
1625. Netherlands : — He J> 
Frederic— Breda, taken bj 
Spincla. 

1627. Persia:— Shah Soofi I. 
1629. Pesce of Lubeck. 



112 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



630 A.D.- 



1630 
1631 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Lotteries for money first men. 
tioned. 

Calico first imported into Eng- 
land. 



j 636 



1638 
1639 



1640 



1641 



1 64 ? 



Edward Cote, the great ju- 
rist. 

Pedro Calderon de la Barca, 
Spanish dramatist. 

Flourishing period of flower 
trade in "the Dutch cities. 



Rembrandt., Van Dyke, pain- 
ters. 



The Jansenists, founded by 
Jansenius, bishop of Ypres. 

Printing in America. 

First Swedish manufactories. 
Persin. Caspar, Daghet, ami 

Claud'', Lorraine, French 

painters. 



Coffee brought to England by 
Nat. Conopius. 



Conde and Turenne, the great- 
ce; generals of the age. 



The Dutch sole 
masters of Bra- 
zil. 
1632. Maryland 
settled by a colo- 
ny under Lord 
Baltimore. 



1635. Connecticut 
settled. — Guada- 
loupe and Mar- 
tinique, by the 
French. 



1037. Maine and 
New Hampshire 
colonized. 

Harvard Col 
lege founded. 



England. 



1630. Wenticorth, earl of 

Strafford, minister. 
Laud, archbishop of 

Canterbury. 
1633. The king visits 

Scotland — is crowned 

at Edinburgh. 



Francs. 



1639. First print- 
ing office in A me- 

rica, at Cam- 
bridge, by Sam. 
Green. 

1640. Whole num- 
ber of emigrants 
to New England 
previous 10 this, 
21,000. 



1643. Confedera- 
tion of the colo- 
nies of New 
England, for 
mutual defence. 



637. Troubles in Scot- 
land, caused by Char- 
les's plan to overthrow 
the Scotch Presby- 
terian church, and to 
enforce episcopacy. 

1639. War wiih Scotland, 

1640. Parliament assem- 
bled—dissolved with- 
out effecting any thing. 

The Scotch invade 
id— take posses- 
sion of New 

The Long Parlia- 
ment^ Nov. 3. 
Impeachment of Straf- 
ford and Laud. 



1641. Strafford beheaded. 
— Courts ofStar Cham- 
ber and Hi<ih Commis- 
sion abolished.— Rebel- 
lion of Roger .Moore in 
Ireland. —Massacre oi 
Protestants by Irish Ca- 
tholics. 

1642. Civil War and 

Revolution . 

Rise of Roundheads 
and Cavaliers, toth of 
the popular party. — 
Battle of Edgehill, inde- 
cisive. 

1643. Royalists victorious 
at Carlsgrane — defeated 
at Newbury.— Solemn 
league and covenant be- 
tween the Scotch and 
English parliaments. 



1631. Treaty 
with Swe- 
den and the 
popular prin- 
ces against 
the emper 
or. 

1635. Alliance 
with Holland 

against Spain, 
for die par- 
tition of the 
Austrian Ne- 
therlands. 

1636. Alliance 
withSwedec 
against Aus- 
tria. 

Invasion of 
Gascony by 
the Span 
iards, and of 
Picardy, \>j 
the Imp(c 
rialists. who 
threaten Pa- 

1638. Invasion 
of Spain, 
siege ol Fon- 
tarabia. 

1640. Turin ta- 
ken by the 
French. 

The first 
Louis d'ors 
struck. 

1641. Alliance 
with Portu- 
gal against 
Spain. — Ca- 
talonia and 
Rousillon re- 
volt, and sub- 
mit to France. 

1642. Cinq 
Mars and de 
Thou be- 
headed. 

1643.- L otris 

XIV.®- 

(the Great.) 
Anne, of 
Austria, re- 
gent. 

Victory of 
Roscroi ovei 
the Span- 
iards, by 
Conde. 

Ministry o 
Cardinal Ma 
zarine. 



1643 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



113 



Spain 
and 

Portu- 
gal. 



1639 



164 > 



Loss of 
the Ja- 
panese 
trade. 

Portu- 
gal re- 
gains 
her in- 
depen- 
dence, 
under 
John IV. 
duke of 
Bragan 



Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1631. Sack of Mag- 


1631. Peace of 






deburg, by Tilly. 


Chierasco. — 






— Gustavus Adol- 


The influ- 






phus takes May- 


ence of France 


1632. Sweden : — Christina 


ence. 


increases. 


*M», 


103J. Defeat and 






queen Yft 


death of Tilly, at 




1634.Murad ir 


1632. Sweden : — Oxenstiera 


Lech. — Gustavus 




vades Pei - 


regent. 


takes Munich. — 




sia — takes 


Russia:— War with Po- 


Wallenstein again 




Falreeze. 


land ; twc years' siege 01 


in cninmand.— Bat- 






Smolensko. -- Russian army 
capitulates, and the Polish 


tle of Lutzen. — 






Victory and death 






king advances to Moscow. 


of Gustavus Adol- 






1634. Peace of Wiasma, disad- 


phus. 






vantageous to Russia. 


1635. Peace of Prague 








with Saxony. 




1636. Peace 




1636. Swedes victo- 




with Poland 




rious at Wittstock. 




renewed. 




1637.— F erdinand 




1637. Troubles 




III- A 




on the Tar- 
tar frontier; 




Galas successful 




Azoph taken 




against the Swedes. 




by the Cos- 




1638. Bemhard. of 




sacks. 




Saxe Weimar, de- 




Bagdad ta- 




feats the Imperial- 




ken by the 




ists at Bheinfield— 




Turks. 




takes Brisac. 




All the con- 


1639. Holland. —Great na ral 


1639. Battles of Ol- 




quests of Ab- 


victory by Van 7Yomp, c ver 
the Spanish fleet in the 


nitz and Brandiez, 




bas recover- 


gained by the Swe- 




ed. 


Downs. 


dish general, Bau- 









ner. 








164U. Prussia-— Fre- 




1640: Ibrahim. 


1640. India :— Madraa fomded 


deric William. 




#?— 


by the English 


1642. The Swedes de- 




1642. Recap- 




feat the Austrians 




ture of Azoph 




at Leipsic. 




from the Cos- 
sacks. 




1643. —invade Hol- 








stein, and compel 








the Dares to desert 








Austria- 









114 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1644 A.D. 



1646 



1643 



1650 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Des Cartes, French philoso- 
pher. 

Air guns invented. 



Engraving in mezzctinto, im- 
proved by Prince Rupert. 



Railroads with wooden rails, 
near Newcastle. 



Jeremy Taylor, Alger. Sid 
ney, English writers. 



Le Seur and Le Brun, French 
painters. 



1651 A ir pumps invented. 



I 
1655! About this time flourish Mo- 
Here, La Fontaine, Cor- 
nettle, Madame de Sevig 
ne, Rochefoucault, Racine 
Boileau, and Pascal, in 
France. 

Velasquez and Muri'lo, Span- 
ish painters. 



1646. Thomas 
Mayhew, preach- 
er to the Indians, 
shipwrecked. 

1647. Peter Stuy- 
vesant, governor 
of New 'Amster- 
dam. 



1648. Cambridge 
platform adopt- 
ed. 



1649. J. Winthrop, 
governor of Con- 
necticut. 



1650. Settlement of 
North Carolina. 



1652. John Cotton 
died. 



1655. E. Winslow 
died. 



Great Britain. 



1644. Battle of Marston 
Moor — royalists defeat- 
ed. 

1645. Battle of Naseby. 

1646. The king seeks re- 
fuge in the Scottish 
camp. 

1647. — is delivered up to 
parliament for JE400.000. 



164S. Cromwell routs the 
Scotch, under Hamil- 
ton. The presbyte- 
rians expelled from 
parliament, which re- 
ceives the name of " the 
Rump." 

164'.). Trial and execution 
of the king. 

The Commonwealth. 

1650. Cromwell subdues 
Ireland. 

The Scots proclaim 
Charles II. He 

1651. enters England— is 
defeated at Worcester, 
and escapes to France. 

1652. Naval war with 

Holland. Blake, 

Ascough, ami 

P e n n , English ad- 
mirals. 

1653. Long parliament 
dissolved' by Crom- 
well. — " Barebone's par- 
liament " Biunmoned. 

Oliver Crom- 
well, Lor d Pro- 
tector. 

Milton, private secre- 
tary to Cromwell. 

1654. Peace of Westmin- 
ster. Alliance with 

Holland. 



1655. War with Spain 
Jamaica conquered by 
Penn. 

1658. Death of Cromwell. 
— R ichard Crom- 
well, Protector. 



Francb. 



645. Marshal 
Turenne 
takes Tre- 



164S. Facuonf 
of the Fron 
de ; dissen 
sums foment- 
ed by Cardi- 
nal de Re tz. 

1G49. Court re- 
moves to Si. 
Germains. 
Siege 01 Pa- 
ris/ 

1650. Conde, 
Con ti,and 
Longue- 
v il 1 e , im- 
prisoned. 

Turenne 
flees to the 
Spaniards. 

L662. M a z a - 
r i n e retires 
to Sedan. 
Conde flies 
to Spain. 

1653. Mazarine 
enters Paris 
in triumph. 



1659. Peace zi 
the Pyre- 
nees. — Mar- 
riage of Lou- 
is XIV. to 
Maria The- 
resa, of Spain 



1659 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



115 



j 


Spain 










&.D 


and 
Portu- 
gal. 


Germany. 


Italy. 


Ottoman 
Empire. 


The Vv orld, elsewhere. 






1644. Invasion of 


1644. Innocent 




1644. Naval victory of th« 






Hungary, by Ra- 


X., pope. 




Swedes over the Danish 






coezi — the empe- 






fleet. 






ror forced to yield 




1645. War with 


1G45. Sweden :— Peace of 






to the demands of 




Venice. 


Bromsebro with Denmark. 






the protestants. 


1646. Revolt of 
Naples, un- 
der Mas- 
saniello. 


Candia, the 
theatre of 
war. 


1647. Netherlands: -Wiiliarn 
II. 

China: — The Tartars 
place a prince of their own 
on the throne— the first of 












the present dynasty ofTsing. 




Y ( 


1648. Peace op 




1648. Moham- 


1648. Poland:— The Ukraine 




Westpha- 




med IV. 


Cossacks revolt, and cut the 






lia, signed at 






Polish army to pieces. 






Munster, between 
France, the em- 






— John Cassimir.fif- 






pire, and Sweden. 












— The principle of 












a balance of pow- 












er in Europe first 












recognized. 




1650. Moham- 
med Riopri- 
li, grand vi- 
zier. 

1653.Naval de- 
feat by the 
Venetians in 
the Archipe- 
lago. 


1653. Holland: — John d t 
Witt, Grand Pensionary ; 
D e R u y t e 1 , admiral. 

1654. Defeat and death of 


1654 


Brazil 
recover- 
ed from 








Tromp. 

Sweden :— Christina re- 
signs. — Charles X., 1st oi 




the 
Dutch 




1655. Alexan- 




the House of Deux Ponts.^g 


1655 


War 




der VII., 




Poland :— War with Rus 




with 


1657.— Leo p old 


pope. 


1657. War with 


sia. 




Eng- 
land. 


Racoezi, for 


1657. Denmark :— War agains: 






aiding Swe- 


the Swedes, who overrur 








den against 


Denmark, and menace Cg 










Poland. 


penhagen. 
1658. Denmark : — Naval vie 
tory over the Swedes. 
Denmark :— Peace of Ros 






















kilde. 



n6 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1659 A.D.- 



1662 



Progress op Society, etc. 



1665 
1666 
»666 



L667 



1675 



Logwood first cut in the bay 
of Honduras, 



Salvator Rosa, landscape 
painter. 

Huygens, Dutch astronomer. 

Persecution of Jayisenists in 
France. 

Chain shot invented by De 
Witt. 

Canal of Languedoc, from the 
Mediterranean to the Atlan- 
tic. 



Gobelin tapestry manufactory 
in Paris. 



Bayonets invented at Bay- 
onne. 

Orrery invented. 

Foundation of the Academy 
of Architecture., and the 
Hotel des Invalides, at Pa- 



Cassini, Italian astronomer 
and mathematician. 

D Herbelot, Pascal, Bour- 
daloue, La Bruyre, Mai- 
brunche, French writers. 

Christopher Wren, architect, 
commences St. Paul's. 

Ruysdael, celebrated Dutch 
painter. 

William Temple, historian. 

Butler, Waller, and Dryden. 
English poets; Henry 
More, Leighton, Baxter, 
Boyle. 

Mansart, architect ; Giradon, 
sculptor, of France. 




1663. Canada made 
a royal colony. 

1663. Elliot's In- 
dian Bible prin- 
ted. 

1664. N e w Y r k 
occupied by the 
English. 



1667. —ceded to 
them by the 
peace of Breda 



167). Conclusion of 
the ' American 
treaty ' between 
England and 
Spain. 



675. King Phi 
lip's War in 

New England. 



1677. Maine pur- 
chased by Massa- 
chusetts. 



England. 



1659. Richard resigns.— 
Rump parliament call- 
ed, but soon expelled. 

Restoration of 
the Stuarts. 

1660 -Charles II. © 
Hyde, earl uJ 
Clarendon, chancellor 
and prime minister. 
1661. New parliament.— 
Alliance with Portugal. 
106:1 Marriage with Ca- 
therine, ■>!' Portugal. 
Act ol Uniformity, 
Dunkirk sold to 
France. 

1664. War with Holland. 
166.3. Naval victory by the 

duke of York. 

Great Plague in 

London. 

1666. Great Fire in Lon- 
don. 



1667. Peace of Breda.— 
New York ceded to 
England. 

Banishment of the 
earl of Clarendon. 

1668Tnple league— Eng- 
land, Sweden, and Hol- 
land, against France. 

1670. The Cabal min- 
istry.— Secret treaty 
with France. 



1672. War with Holland 
in conjunction with 
France. 

1673. Ministry of Danby. 
Test Act passed. 

1674. Peace with Holland. 



1678. The Pop tsh Plot. 



Francs. 



1661. Death o! 
Mazarine. 

Colbert, 
comptroller- 
general of 
finance. 

Lvonce, 
Le Tellier. 

1 662. Dispute* 
with the pope 

— 60U0 troopg 
sent against 
tin' Turks in 
Hungary. 
1664. French 
East lmlia 
Company. 

1666. Acade 
mie des Sci 

ences Louvois 

1667. War witr 
Spain. Lou- 
is claims 
Spanish Ne- 
therlands lor 
his wile— in- 
vades Bel- 
gium. 

1668. Peace o 
Aix la Cha 
pelle with 
Spain. 

1672. War with 
Holland. 

1673. French 
ambassador 
at Ispahan. 

1674. The 
Dutch de- 
feated at the 
battles of 
Sinsheim 
and Mulhan- 
sen.— Tu- 
renne rava- 
ges the Pala 
tinate. 

\t'^n Death ol 
Turenne at 
Sasbach. 

Influence 
of Pere la 
Chaise, the 
king's con- 
fessor. 

1677. Victory 
over the 
Prince of 
Orange at 
Mont-Cassel. 

1678. Peace 
of Ni me- 
g u e n wub 
Holland and 
Spain— re- 
stores tiaj* 
quillity to 
Europe. 



1678 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



117 



1661 



1663 



1007 



1069 



IS73 



Spain 
and 

Portu- 
gal. 



Invasion 
of Por- 
tugal. 



Victory 
of the 
Portu- 
guese 
over the 
Span- 
iards at 
Estre- 
111 as. 
Sp tin : - 
Char-sa 

II. #- 



Portu- 
gal :— 
Revolu- 
tion at 
Lisbon. 
King de- 
posed. 
— Pedro 



Peace of 
Lisbon 
with 
Spain. 
Nitard, 
the Je- 
suit, dri- 
ven 
from 
Spain. 
War 
with 
France 
to pro- 
tect Hol- 
land. 



Germany. 



1663. The Diet per- 
manent at Ratis- 
bon. 

1664. Montecuculi 
victorious over the 
Turks at St. Go- 
thard. 



1665. The Tyrol uni- 
ted to Austria. 



1673. War of Austria 
and France. 

1675. Turenne and 
Montecuculi op- 
posed on the 
Rhine. — Victory 
of Consarbruck 
over the French, 

under Crequi. 

Treves taken. 

1676. General revolt 
of Hungarians un- 
der Emeri". 



Italy. 



1667. Clement 

IX., pope. 
L669. Candia 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



1661. War 
with Aus- 
tria. 



1662. Invasion 
of Hungary. 



taken from Ve- 
nice by Kio- 
prili. 



Peace with the Porte. 



1670. Cosmo 
III., grand 

duke of Tus- 
cany. —War 
between Ge- 
noa ami Sa- 



voy. 

Clement X.. 

pope. 
1674. Revolt of 

Messina in 

favor of 

France. 
1676. Messina 

blockaded by 

the Dutch 

and Spanish 

fleets. 

Death of De 

Ruyter. 

Innocent XI. 

pope. 

Death of the 

atheist, Spi- 
noza 



1672. The Sul- 
tan invades 
Poland. 

1673. —defeat- 
ed by Zo- 
briski, at 
Choezim. 



1676. Peace of 
Zurawno 
with Poland. 



1678 First war 
with Russia, 
on account 
of the Cos- 
sacks. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1660. Demark :— Peace of Co 
penhagen. — The Swedej 
restore Bornholm, and Dron 
theim. 
Revolution in Denmark. 

Sweden :— Charles XI f^ 

Peace of Oliva. 

Prussia acknowledged ir • 

dependent. 

1660. Poland :— Great victory 

of Marshal John S 0- 

b i e s k i over the Tartars 



1667. Holland :— Peace of Bre- 
da : loss of New Nether- 
lands. 

1668. First embassies from 
Russia to France and Spain. 

India:— Rise of the Mah- 
ratta power.— Sevajee takes 
and sacks Surat. 

1670 Den. :— Christian V.f& 



1672. Sea fight between the 
Dutch fleef. under De Witt 
and De Ruyter, and the 
English and French fleets- 
Dutch defeated. 



Den. 



-William III. 



1074. Poland:— Johr Sobies- 

1675. The Swedes invade 

Brandenburg. 
1677. Battle of the Lund, 

between the Swedes and 

Danes. 



36 



n8 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



l63o A.D, 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Bernini, Italian sculptor. 
Museum for Natural History 

at London. 
Jardin des Plantes, at Paris 
Penny post established in Lon 

don. 
Kempfer's travels in Japan. 
John Banyan, " Pilgrim's 

Progr 



////,.. 



1696 
1687 



1690 



1692 



1693 

1692 



1692 



1699 



Great Britain. 



Otto Von Guericke, inven- 
tor of the air-pump and 
electrical machine, died. 

Telegraphs invented. 

Newton's Principia, publish- 
ed. 

G. Batt. Lully, from. Flo- 
rence, founder of French 
opera music. 

Arch. Corelli, celebrated vio- 
linist and composer at Rome. 

White paper iirst made in 
England. 

Leibnitz, German philoso- 
pher, founds the Academy of 
Sciences at Berlin. 

First opera in London. 

Purcell, English musician. 

Bank of England. 

Telescopes, first reflecting 
one made on the principles 
of Sir Isaac Newton. 



1686. Sir Edmund 
Andros, governor 
of New England. 

1683 General sup- 
pression of char- 
ter government-*. 

1689. Montreal <i - 
stroyed by th • 
Five riations 

Leisler usurps the 
government ol 
New York. 

1690. Tiie English 
settlement-* of 
Schenectady, N. 
York, Case i. Me. 

and Salmon Falls, 
N. H., destroyed 
by a party of 
French. 

Port Royal, No- 
va Scotia, redu- 
ced by Sir Wil- 
liam Phipps.— 
Expedition against 
Canada, unsuc- 
cessful. 

1691. Schuyler 
defeats the French 

at La Prairie. 



Witchcraft superstition in New- England. 



John Locke and Sir Isaac 

Newton in England. 
Boileau, Fenelon, and Bayle, 

in France. 
Bank of England. 



Phosphorus discovered. 



1692. New Hamp- 
shire purchased 
bv Allen. 

N. York: Leis- 
ler executed. 

1693. N. York :— 
Episcopacy in- 
troduced. 

William and 
Mary's College 
founded. 
1697. Kidd's pira- 



1699. French colo- 
ny in Louisiana. 
—Gold mines in 
Brazil. 



Rise of the names of 
Whigs and Tories. 



1683. "Ryehouse Plot." 
Execution of Lord 
Russel and Algernon 
Sydney. 

In this reign the Roy- 
al Society of London 
was instituted by Wil- 
kins, bishop of Chester. 
— Bombay ceded to 
England. 

1685,-James II.@ 

Rebellion of Mon- 
mouth, in England, and 
Argyle, in Scotland, 
both defeated and exe- 
cuted. 
Judge Jeffries. 

1686. The king favors the 
Catholics. 

1687. —re-establishes the 
Court of High Com- 

: hi. 

1688. '-Revolution 
f HNS."— The Whigs 
and Tories unite in ap- 
plying to the Prince nf 
Orange, who lands in 
England with 15,000 
men— the king flees to 
France. 

1639. -William III. 



Francs. 



France, the 
most formi- 
dable powei 
in Europe. 

1683. Invasi )n 
of the Span- 
ish Nether- 
lands. 

1684. Truce ol 
Ratisbon for 
twenty yeara 
with Spain. 



1685. Revo- 
cation ol 
the Edict 

of Nantes. 



and Mary I I .§f- 
War with France. 
James II. lands in 

Ireland— besieges Lon- 

donderry. 

1690. William in Ireland. 
— Buttle of the Boyne. 
James defeated, returns 
to France. 

1691. Limerick taken, and 
William acknowledged. 

1692. Invasion of Eng- 
land undertaken by the 
French in favor of 
James. — Naval victory 
by the Dutch and Eng- 
lish. 

1693. Bank of England in- 
corporated. 

1694. Death of queen 
Mary. 

1697. General peace 
1698. First partition treaty, 
between France, Eng 
land, and the Empire to 
dispose of the crown of 
Spain. 
1699. Visit of Peter the 
Great. 



1688. War ol 
Spain — the 
Empire, Hol- 
land, Savoy, 
and England 
against 
France. 

1689. Grand al- 
liance against 
France, head- 
ed by Wil- 
liam III. 

16911 Naval 
victory ovei 
the Dutch 
antl English 
off Dieppe. 
Victory of 
Luxemburg 
at Fleurus. 

1692. Marsha, 
L u x e m - 
b u r g de- 
feats William 

at Steenkirk, 
and 

1693. —at Ne- 
uvinden. 
Institution ol 
the order ol 
St. Louis. 

ofRyswick 
— between 
France ani 
the allies. 



1699 A - D - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



119 



Spain 
and 

Portu- 
gal. 



1697 



1680. Great part of 
Alsace seized by 
France. 

16S3. Turkish war, 
siege of Vienna by 
the Turks— victory 
of the Germans 
and Poles, under 
Charles, of Lor- 
raine, and John 
Sobieski. 

Treaty of the 
Hague against 
France. 



1686. League of 
Augsburg against 
France. 

1686. Buda taken af- 
ter being held by 
the Turks 145 
years. 

1687. Decisive victo- 
ry of Mohaez : 
Croatia and Tran- 
sylvania subdued. 

Joseph I. crown- 
ed king of Hun- 
gmy. 
1689. Grand alliance 
ratified at Vienna. 
The Palatinate 
desolated by the 
French. 



1690 Joseph I. elect- 
ed king of the Ro- 
mans by the Diet 
of Augsburg. — 
Victories over the 
Turks. 



Italy. 



Ottoman 

Empire. 



1682. War with 
Austria. 

1683. Total 
rout before 
Vienna. 



1684. Alliance of Venice with 
Poland, and the Empire 
against the Porte. 



Revolt 
of Cata 
Ionia in 
favor of 
Franco. 



Incur- 
sion of 

the 
French 

into 
Aragon. 



Peace of Ryswick 

In- 
tugues 1697. Victory over 
for the the Sultan Musta 
succes- pha at Zenta, by 
eiou. the Prince Eugene 



1689. Alexan- 
der VHL, 
pope. 



1691. Innocent 
XII.. pope. 



1693. Battle of 
Marsaglia — 
the allies in 
Italy defeat- 
ed by the 
Marshal Ca- 
tinat. 



1686. Russia 
declares war. 

1687. Revolu- 
tion in Con- 
stantinople, 
Mohammed 
dethroned. 

Solyman 

11. il — 



1689. Defeat at 
Nisa. 

1690. Musta- 
pha Kiopri- 
li drives the 
Austrians 
across the 
Danube— re- 
covers Bel- 
grade. 

1691. Ahmud 

II.4 

Defeat and 
death of Kio- 
prili. 

1694. Chio ta- 
ken by the 
Venetians. 

1695. Musta- 

phall.fS — 

1696. — leads 
his own ar- 
my.— Vict o- 
rv of Olach. 

1699. Peace of 
Carlowitz. 

The Otto 
man pf wer 
broken. 



The Would, elsewhere. 



680. Sweden : — Diet of 
Stockholm. 

682. Russia : — Ivan and 

Peter, ^jg their sis- 
ter, Sophia, regent. 

683. Denmark :— The Code 
of king Christian pub- 
lished. 



1686. India :— The DeKkin cor> 
quered. 
Golconda and Besapore. 



1687. —The English factorieg 
in Bengal suppressed— after- 
wards restored. 

1688. Prussia :— Frederic III 



Russia : — Ivan resigns— 
Sophia is confined in a con- 
vent : 
1689. Peter the 

Great. If 

1692. Russia: — First trade 
with China. 

India : — Height of the Mo- 
gul power, annual revenue 
jE32,000,000. 

China:— Great influence: 
of Jesuits. 

1693. Sweden :— The king de- 
clared absolute. 

1695. Holland : Bombard- 
ment of Brussels by the 
French, under Villeroi. 

1696. Poland :— Death 01 So- 
bieski— succeeded by 

1697. — Frederic Augustus I. 
Sweden :— C h a r l e a 



XII 



-(15 years old.) 



Russia :— Introduction 01 
various manufactures — 
equipment of a fleet, etc. 

1699. Den. :— Frederic IV f|f 

Alliance of Denmark, Rus- 
sia, and Poland, asaina< 
Charles XII. of Sweden. 



120 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



I700 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



First manufactories in Russia 
and Denmark 



Fenelon, Bossuet, Masillon. 
in France. 



National Debt 
commenced. 



of England 



KnelUr English 



1704 



1703 



1709 
1710 



1714 



Godfrey 
painter. 



First Russian newspaper. 
St. Petersburg!! founded. 



Flourishing period of French 
literature — G reat splendor 
in the French court. 

A newspaper in America. 



America 



Great Britain. 



1715 



1716 



Incorporation of the United 
British East India Com- 
pany. 

Prussic acid discovered by 
Diesbach. 

A post-ojice in America. 



The famous bull " Unigeni 
tus " against the French Jan 
senists. 

Rise of commerce in Austria : 
first manufactories. 



Law's bank ai Paris. 



The monastery of Mafra, ' the 
wonder of Portugal,' built. 

Prior, Steele, Be Foe, Addi- 
son, fl lurish in England. 

First standing army in Eng- 
land. 

The coffee tree brought from 
'ava to Surinam. 



1701. Yale College 
founded. 

1702. Rice intro- 
duced into Caro- 
lina from Mada- 
gascar. 

1703. Apalachian 
Indians subdued. 

Maine ravaged 
by French ami 
Indians. 

1704. Captain 
Church's expe- 
dition against the 
Indians: 

Boston News 
Letter, first Ame- 
rican periodical. 
1706. Carolina in- 
vaded by the 
French and Span- 
ish. 



1700. A British fleet sent 
to assist Charles XII., 
of Sweden. 

Foundation of the 
national debt in this 
reign. 

1701. War of the Spanish succession 

1702. The French invade Holland un- 
der Boufflers— repulsed by Marl- 
borough. 



Fbax«cb. 



— Anne raW 

1703. Methuen treaty 01 
commerce with Portu- 
gal. 



1707. Unsuccessful 
expedition against 
Port Royal" 

170S.The Saybrook 
platform, form- 
ed. 

1709. First paper 
money in New- 
Jersey. 

1710. First post 
office at iNew 
York. 

Fruitless expe 
dition against Ca- 
nada. 
1713. "Queen 
Anne's War " 
closed by the 
treaty of Utrecht 



1715. Indian war in 
South Carolina. 

1717. New- Orleans 
settled by the 
French. 



1702. Revolt c: 
the Hugue- 
nots suppress- 
ed by Mar- 
shal Viliars. 
1/04. Marlborough enters Germany, 
gams the battle ol Blenheim. 

Gibraltar taken by 
Roolce. 
l706.Tre a: v of uni 
with Scot land. 

Battle ol Ramillies, Villeroi de- 
feated. 
17H,. Victory of Almanza over the Eng' 
lish and Portuguese. 

The first Uni te d 
Parliament of 
Great Britain 
meets. 

1706. Battle of Oudenarde,'— French de- 

feated. 

Sardinia and Minor ca captured by 

the En 
I .1- uccessful attempt 

ol the Pretender to land 

in S. '>>;land. 
1710. Victory of Vendome 'at Villa viciosa 

Dr. Sacheverell's trial. 

— Collision of Whig 

and Tory principles. 

1713. Peace of Utrecht. 
Perpetual separation of the crown* 

ol France and Spam— England ac 
quires Newfoundland, AcaJia, and 
Hudson's Hay, also Alt norca and Gi 
braliar. The Rhine is the boundar: 
between Germany and France. 

1714. Factions at court— 1714. Peace o 
disgrace of Harley, 
chancellor of the exche- 
quer. 

Death of the queen. 
— H ousem Hano- 
ver: — 



pre- 



—Geo rge I . 
Robert Walpoh 
mier. 

1715. Insurrection of Ja- 
cobites.— Battles of She- 
riflmuir and 1\ 
War against Sweden. 



Radstadt : th« 
Emperor ac 
knowledges 
Philip on 
the cession 
of Lomba/ 
dy, Naples 

ai.d Sardinia 
1715. L o u i a 

Dukc ol 
Orleans re 
gent. — Du 
bois, minis- 
ter. 
1 i a n c e : thi 



1718. Quadruple al 
Emperor, England, Ho Hand, and 
France against the desi gns of Spain. 



1718 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



121 



1701 



1705 



Spain 
and 

Portu- 
gal. 



17 U 



Death of 
the king, 
who 
names 
the duke 
of Anjou 
as his 
success- 
or. 
Philip 

v.# 

The 
arch- 
duke 
Charles 
lands at 
Lisbon, 
and en- 
ters 
Spain. 
Barcelo- 
na taken 
by the 
allies. 
Port. :— 
John V. 



hi, dish 

and For 
tuguese 
enter 
Madrid. 



Charles 
leaves 
Spain on 

becom 
ing Em- 
peror. 



1714 



1701. Grand alliance of the Hague, 
between England, Holland, and 
the Empire, to pre vent the union 
of France and Spa in 



1702- Battles 01 Stol- 
hafen, Hochstedt. 
and Spires, gained 
by the French. 



1705. —Joseph 



I. 



Barcelo- 
na taken 
by Ber- 
wick. 
Albero- 

ni, 
prime 
minis- 
ter of 
Spain. 



1710. Treaty of the 
Hague between 
England. Holland. 
and the Empire. 

1711. — Charles 

VI. |S 

Ministry of Coun 
Linzendorf. 
17i:J. Pragmatic 
sanction, vesting 
the succession to 
Austria in the 
daughters of Char- 

1714. Peace of Ras- 
tadt and Baden 
with France. 



1702. Victory 
of Luzzace 
gained by the 
Fiench over 
the Impe- 
rialists. 



1706. French 
driven from 
Italy by 
prince Eu 
gene. 

1707. All the 
Spanish pos 
sessions ii 
Italy aban 
doned to the 
allies. 



Ottoman 
Empire. 



1703. Ahmed 
111. 



1709. Charles 
XII. takes 
refuge at 
Bender— 
hence war 
with Russia 



The World, elsewhere. 



1714. War of Venice 
the Porte. 



1718. Quadru- 
ple al 1 iaj ce 
against Spain. 



1715. Corinth taken by the 
Turks — the Emperor joins 
Venice — sie ge of Corfu 
raised on the news of their 

1716. defeat at 
the battle of 
Peterwar- 
den. 

1717. Defeat of 
Crusca — loss 
of Belsrade, 

1718. Peace of Passarowitz, 
between the Porte, Venice 
and Hunga ry. 



1700. Russia :— Peter the Greal 
invades lngiia— defeated bj 

CharlssXil., at Narva. 

War of the Northerc 
Powers. 

1701. PRUSSIA erected intoa 
kingdom under 

Frederic I.fH*- 

Charles XII. invades Po- 
land—is victorious at Riga. 

1702. —enters Warsaw— takes 

1703. Victory of Pullusk - 
Poland:— The throne as- 

clared vacant, and 

1704. Stanislas Leetzinski 

elected king.^g 

1706. The Swedes victorious) 
over the Saxons and Rus- 
sians at Traverstadt. 



1707. Russia :— Revolt of the 
Cossack Mazeppa. 

1708. Charles invades Russia, 
crosses the Dnieper, and ia 

1709. defeated at Pultowa. 
Sweden at war with Den 

mark. 

Poland :— Frederic Augus- 
tus re-ascends the throne. 

1712. Victory of the Swedes at 
Gadebusche. 

1713. Prussia :— Frederic Wil 

liam I. Hi? 



1714. Russia:— Naval victory 
over the Swedes.— Aland and 
Finland conquered. 

1715. Netherlands Barrier 

treaty of Antwerp with Aus- 
tria. 

Sweden :— Return of Char- 
les— Prussia and England 
join the alliance against him. 



1718. Charles XII. invadei 
Norway ; is killed at tht 
siege of Fredericshall. 

Sweden:— Ulrica Eleo 



•* 



122 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1719 A.D- 



1721 



1724 



1728 



1733 

1740 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Cotton Mather, " Magnolia," 
and Increase Mather, Hist, 
of War with Indians. 



Inoculation introduced by 
Lady Montague. The same 
year introduced into Boston 
by Dr. Boylston. 



Academy of Sciences at Peters- 
burg. 



The " Appellants," in France, 
headed by the Cardinal de 
Noailles, appeal from the 
bull '" Unigenitus," to a ge- 
neral council ; but without 



Behring's Strait discovered. 



Balloons invented by Gusmac. 

In England : In France : 
Pope, Swift, J. B. Rous- 
Yjung, I seau, Le 
Thompson, I Sage', Rollin, 
Watts, Li>rd[ Montesquieu. 
Boliru iroke,\ 
Doddridge, 
Chesterfield] 



1719. First Philadelphia news- 
paper. 



1721. First New-York news 
paper. 



1723. Vermont settled. 

Increase Mather, died. 



1724. Trenton, N. J., founded. 



1727. Great earthquake 
New-England. 



1728. Cotton Mather, died. 

Discovery of diamond 
mines in Brazil. 



1729. The Carolinas separated. 



1732. Birth of Washington. 

1733. Savannah founded. 



England. 



Halley, astronomer. 

First Lodge of Freemasons in America, at Boston. 

1740. Tennessee first explored. 



Irish linen manufactories, 
and English steel and cutlery 
flourish. 



L. Bolberg, Danish drama- 
tist. 



1742 Invasion of Florida by 
Indians and Spaniards— re- 
pulsed. 



1719. Unsuccessful attempt to 
invade Scotland by the Span- 
iards. 

"The South Sea Scheme." 

1720. " Bursting of the South 
Sea bubble." 

1721. Sir Robert Walpole'i 
ministry continues. 



1725. Leaj,'. e ofHerrenhauser^ 

1727. George I. dies at Osna- 
burg. 

George 1 1 .f|? 



1728. Peace of Pardo witn 
Spain 



1729. treaty of Seville, b« 

1731. Treaty of Vienna with 
Holland and the Empire. 



173y. War with Spain 

1740. Porto Bello taken by Ad- 
miral Vernon.— Anson's voy- 
age round the world, and 
capture of the Manilla gal 
leon. 



'43 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



123 




•'22 The iing assumes 
tho government. 
I Duke <le Bourbon, 
minster. 



1724 



1726 



1720 



Conr.re^ of Cam- 
bray 

between England, 
rraacs, Prussia. 
and Holls.nd. 

Ministry of Cardi- 
nal F 1 e u r y . 



Congress of Sois- 
sons dissolved, 
without effecting 
any thing. 



The World, elsewhere. 



the 



1725. :- 

Alliance 
1734. :— 
Con- 
quest of 
Naples 
and Sici- 

W by 
Don 

Carlos. 



tween England, 
France, and Hol- 
land. 



if Vienna, Spain. 
<tnd Austria. 



1719. Italy :— Sicily invaded by 
Spanish. m .„ 

1720. Peace of Stockholm.— Tranquillity 
restored in the nv rth. 

Sweden :— The queen abdicates ja 
favor of her husband. 

1721. Italy :— Innocent XIII. , pope. 

Frederic. ^§ 

Peace of Nystadtwnh Russia 
Russia :— Peter assumes the title 
"Emperor of all the Russias." 
1721. Turkey :— Mahommed Effendi, am- 
bassador to Paris. 
1723. China:— Christians expeded 
1723 Italy:— John Gaston, (de Medici), 
grand duke of Tuscany. 

1723. Turkey :— The Turks and Russians 
attempt to dismember Persia. 

1724. Italy :— Benedict XIII., pope. 

1725. Russia :— Catharine L, widow of 

Peter. fSg 

1725. Turkey :— Partition treaty for sei7 
mg the north and west provinces A 
Persia. 

1726 Russia :— Alliance with Austria. 

1726. Turkey :— First printing press 
brousht from Paris to Turkey. 

1727. Russia:— Treaty with China 



1733 



1734 
1710 



War of the Polish 
succession : 
France, Spain, 
and Sardi ua. 

Conquest of Lor- 
raine. 

War of the Aus- 
trian succession 
—Marshals Belle 
isle and Broglio : 

- -defeated by the 
allies at Dettin-| 
gen. 



1739. :- 
War 

With 

Eng- 
land, for 

infrac- 
tions of 
the Asi- 1 
ento 



1/33. War of the Po 
lish succession; 
Austria, Russia, 
and Denmark. 

1735. Preliminaries 
of Vienna- not con- 
cluded till 1738 

1740. War of the Aus- 
trian succession. 

Maria The- 
resa succeeds to 
the hereditary 
States. 

1741. The French, 
Saxons, and Bava- 
riar.s, overrun Aus- 
tria, take Prague, 
and crown Charles 



-Peter II 



treaty 



VI. emperor, f|f 
Treaty of Bres- 
lau with Austria. 
1743. The French 
driven across the 
Rhine. 



1727 Turkey :— Peace of Bagdad. 
1723. Denmark :— Fire at Copenhagen, 
destroys the public library. 

—colony of Danes in Greenland. 

1730 Denmark :— Christian VI. Hf 

1730. Italy —Clement XII., pope. 

Russia:— Anne.® 

1733 Poland :— Frederic Augustus II If 
The diet elect Stanislaus, but are 

compelled by the Russian army to eleol 

1734. Stanislaus besieged in Dantzic, es- 
capes to Konin^sberg. 

1734 Turkey :— Turks driven from Per- 
sia bv Nadir Shah. 

1736 —war with Russia and Austria. 
,737 Italy :— Francis, of Lorraine, gram 

duke of Tuscany. 
1739. India :— Invaded by Nadir Shafc 

who takes and plunders Delhi. 

1739. Turkey :— Turks defeated nea 
Choezim. ^„ r 

1740. Italy :-Benedict XIV., pope 
Turkey :— The Turks invade Pers> 

—are repulsed by Ashraf. 
-peace of E ehj.rade. 



124 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



174O A.D.- 



1747 



Progress op Society, etc. 



Frederic the Great makes 
great improvements in mili- 
tary tactics— imroducasjlt/- 
ing horse artillery. 

Durante and Leo, celebrated 
musicians. 

Handel, and Seb. Bach, musi- \ 
cal composers. 

indigo first produced in Caro 
Una. 



Great Britain. 



1748 
'75° 
1752 
.753 



1761 



1764 
1766 



1745. Louisburg and Cape 
Breton taken from France 
by the English. 



1747. David Brainerd and 
Benjamin Coleman, died. 



Mosheim, ecclesiastical histo- 
rian. 

Dr. Fran/din's discoveries in 
electricity. 

England introduces the " New 
Style " Calendar. 

British Museum founded. 



British. 




A .Ian Ram- 


Helvetius, Fr 


say, 


Racins, Fr. 


Shenstone, 


Gellert, Ger. 


Gray, 


Winckle- 


Collins, 


inann, Ger- 


Akenside, 




Churchill. 





John Ryabrach, sculptor. 
Hogarth, Wilson, Sf Joshua 

Reynolds, painters. 
Potatoes first planted in 

France, by Turgot. 
Niebuhr's travels in Arabia. 

Wesley <$- Whitefield preach. 
Philadelphia Medical School, 

first in America. 
Wallis and Carteret's voyage 

of discovery in the South 

Seas. 



1749. English settlement 
Nova Scotia. 



1 752. Hostilities be'ween Eng 

1754. Washington's mission to 
the French. 

1755. Defeat of Braddock. 
17.~>6. Oswego and Ft. Granby 

taken by the French. 



1757. Fort Wm. Henry cap- 
tured. 

1758. Repulse of Abercrombie 
at Ticonleroga. 

Fort Du Quesne taken. 

1759. Invasion of Canada- 
death of Wolfe — Quebec 
taken. 

Capture of Niagara. 
Crown Point, and Ticonde- 
roga. 



1763. End of the " Old French 

War." 
1765. " American Stamp Act " 

resisted in Massachusetts 

and Virginia. 
First Colonial Congress at 

New-Y)rk. 



1744. Naval victory over the 
French and Spanish fleets in 
the bay of Hieres. 

1745. Scotch rebellion— Char- 
les Edward lands in Scot- 
land. 

1746 he is defeated at Cul- 
loden. 
1747. Victories over the French 
on" Belle-isle and Cape 
Finisterre. 



1748. Peace of Aix la 
mutual restitution of con 



1752. The new style intro- 
duced; the year hereafter 
commences Jan. 1. 

land and France on the bomi 



1756 "Seven Years' 
Subsidiary alliance with 
Prussia. 

Ministry of W i 1 1 i a ni 
Pitt, the elder. 
1757. Victory of Plassey, ir. 
India. 



1759. Naval victories over the 
Lagros, and oil' Brest. 

Surat. in India, taken 
from the Dutch. 

1760.— George I II. If— 

1761. Earl of Bute, premier. 

1762. War with Spain. 
Conquest of Havana, 

Trinidad, and Manilla. 

1763. Peace of Paris 



1765. Bengal ceded to the East 
India Company by ih* 
treaty of Allahabad. 



ty66 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



12 




1745 
1746 



1747 



War declared 
againH England 
and Austria. 

Battle of Fontenoy, 
allies defeated. 

The French victo- 
rious by land, 
but unsuccessful 
by sea. 

War with Holland. 



C h a p e 1 Ie 

quests. 



dariesofNovaSco 
, tia. 
'53 Influence of Ma- 
dame de Pompa- 
! dour. 
War. " 
Capture of Minor- 
ca from the Eng- 
lish. 



1746. :- 
Ferdi- 
nand VI. 



1757 
1758 



Invasion of Hano- 

ver. 
Defeat at Crefeldt 

on the Rhine. 



French off Cape 
Attempt to invade 
Ireland. 
1760 Loss of all Canada. 



5761 



The Bourbon Fa- 
mily Compact. 

Siese and capture 
of Belleisle, by 
the English. 



between Fiance, 
Spain and Eng- 
. land. 
1764 Expulsion of tho 
I Jesuits. 



1745. Charles dies at 
Munich. 

House of 
Lorraine: 

— Francis I flf 
husband ol Maria 
Theresa 



1748 
pelLe; 
the on 



1759 : - 
Charles 
III ^ 



Peace of A ix la Cha- 
Spain, and Prussia 
ly gainers by the 
war. 

1756. Seven Years' 
War of Austria 
and Prussia. 

Invasion and 
conquest of Saxo- 
ny, by Frederic II. 

Alliance with 
France. 

1757. Prussians vic- 
torious at Prague. 
Rossbach, Lessa, 
and Breslau. 

The French take 
Verdun and Bre- 
men. 

175S. French defeated 
at Crefeldt, 

1759. and at Mi mien. 
Victory at Max- 
en over the Prus- 
sians. — Dresden re- 
taken. 

176U. Great victory 
at Torgan, by Fre- 
deric. 

1762. Prussians victo- 
rious at Freiburg. 

1763. Peace of Hu- 
bertstrug. 

1765. Joseph II. 



1740. Prussia :— F rederk 1 1 . 
(the Great,) Prussia increases in Im- 
portance.— War with Austria. 

Russia :— Ivan V. 

1741. Sweden :— War with Russia. 
Swedes driven out of Finland. 

Russia :— Elizabeth. f|f 

1743. —Peace of Abo with Sweden. 

1743. Turkey :— War with Persia. 
—Defeat near Erivan. 

1744. India :— Hostilities between French 
and English. 

1744. Italy -.—Savoy occupied by French 
and Spaniards, who take 

1745. —Parma, Milan, and Placentia. 
—Genoa bombarded by the English. 

1746.— French and Spaniards driven from 
Lombardy. 

1746. Denmark :— Frederic V.fjff 

1747. Netherlands:— William IV. 
Persia:— Revolution: Nadir. 
Shall murdered. 

1751. Holland -.—William V stadtholder. 
Denmark :— Ministry of Count Bem- 
storff. „ 

Sweden :— House of Holstem G<U- 

t0rP : ~ ,J» 

Adolphus Frederic.f|i . 

1754. Italy :— The Corsicans, under Paoli, 
revolt asainst Genoa. 

1754. Turkey :— Othman III. 

1755. First Prussian embassy to Constan- 
tinople. , ^ T 

1756. India:— Calcutta taken by the Na- 
bob of Bengal. 

1757. Turkey :— Mustapha III. 

1757. Prussia :— Russian invasion. 

1758. —victory of Londorf. 

1758. Italy :— Clement XIII., pope. 

1759. Prussia:— The king deleated at 
Kunnersdorf. 

1700. —Battle of Lieenitz— Berlin taken 
India:— Shah Alim II. 
Siege and capture of Pondicherry, 
by the English. 

Kingdom of Mysore founded by 
Hyder Ali. 

1762. Russia: Peter III.® (sis 

months). 

C a t h a r i n e II .flf 

1764 Poland:— Stanislaus PomatowsLL 
1765. India —Treaty of Allahabad. 

—Establishment of a British empire 

1765. Italy :— Peter Leopold, grand duke 
of Tuscany. , ttt JL 

1766. Denmark:— Christian VII. W 

1766. Power of the Mamelukes in Egypl 

revived under Rodvan and Ali Bey. 



36* 



126 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1766 A.D.- 



Progress op Society, etc. 



United States. 



1767 First spinning machine in England. 

1768 Cook's first voyage of discovery. 

Bruce discovers the source of the Nile. 

Royal Academy of Arts in England ; Joshua 
Reynolds, first president. 



1770 



Letters of Junius. 

Whitefield dies at Newhuryport. 



Great Britain 



1774 
1774 

1774 



Captain Cook discovers New California. 

The Spinnino- jenny, invented by Robert 
Arkwright. 

The Improved Steam Engine, by Watt 
and Bolton. 



In England. 

Goldsmith, 

Warburton, 

Johnson, 

Littleton, 

Lowth, 

Garrick, 

Hume, 

Robertson, 

Blackstone. 

Adam Smith, 

Home Tooke, 

Priestley, 

Horsley, 

Burke, 

Pitt, 

Fox, 

Cooper, 

Sheridan, 

McPherson, 

Burns. 

Kaimes, 

Reid. 



1768- Boston occupied 
by the British troops. 



1769. Daniel Boone ex- 
plores Kentucky. 



1772. Hancock, S. 
Adams, and Pa- 
trick Henry, 
promote the revolu- 
tion. 

1773. Tea destroyed at 
Boston. 

1774. Continental Con- 
gress at Philadelphia. 



1766. American Stamp 
Act repealed.— New 
ministry under the 
Earl of Chatham. 



1767. First war with 
Hyder Ali in My- 
sore. 



1770. Lord North, 
prime minister. 

1771. The Falkland 
Islands ceded by 
Spain to Great Bri- 
tain. 



France. 
Voltaire, 
Rousseau, 
Diderot, 
Condillac, 
Jussien, 
Lavoisier, 
La Harpe, 
Baithileny, 
Buffo.. 



Ger. Mosh- 

eim, 
Zimmerman, 
Kant, 

Klopstock, 
Lessing, 
Wieland, 
Herder, 
Goethe, 
Schiller, 
Sic. Linnaeus, 
//. Metastasio. 
Rus. Kheras- 

kov, 
Kostrov. 
Deerhavin, 

ogdanovich, 
Khemnitzee. 



1775. AMERICAN 
WAR: 

April 19, Skirmish at 
Lexington. 

June 17, Battle of Bun- 
ker's Hill 

Prescott, Put- 
nam, & Warren. 
WASHINGTON. 
commander-in-chief. 
Montgomery 
Montreal, and falls at 

1776. The British troops 
evacuate Boston. 



Moultrie de 
Sullivan's Islam!. 

DECLARA- 
TION OF IN- 
DEPENDENCE, 
July 4. 

Americans (Sulli- 
van) defeated at 
Flatbush. Aug. 

Battle of White 
Plains. 

Battle of Trenton, 
Dec. 26-7. 
1777. Arrival of Lafay- 
ette. 
Capture of Ticon 



1774. The Boston Port 
Bill passed. 

1774. Warren Hastings, 
governor general of 
India. 

REVOLUTIONARY \ 

1775. Lord North's 
" conciliatory mea- 
sures " rejected by 
the colonies. 



takes St. Johns and 

Quebec. 

1776. The city of Lon- 
don remonstrates 
against the American 
war. 

feats the English at 

The British army 
takes possession o( 
New- York. 

Hessians hired for 
service in America. 



deroga by the British 
July 5. 



yjy a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



127 



*.£>. 



France. 



1768 



1769 
1770 



1773 



1774 



1776 



Genoa cedes Corsica to France, 



Ministry of Due d'Aiquillon. 

Marriage of the dauphin with 
Marie Antoinette. 



Madame du Barri rules the 
king. 

Louis XVI.® 

Marie Antoinette, queen:— 
Maurepas, prirm minister. 



N e c k e r , comptroller-gene- 
ral. 
Franklin in Paris. 



Germany. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1772. Joseph 
II. with the 
Emperors of 
Russia and 
Prussia, dis 
member Po 
land, divid 
ing it be 
tween them 
selves. 



Discipline of the Ottoman troops iro 
proved by Baron de Tott. 

1767. Spain :— Jesuits expelled. 

India:— Hyder Ali resists the Eng 

lish. 
1763. War between Russia and the Ottoman 

Empire. 



1769. Pope Clement XIV. 

The Russian army occupies W&Jachia 
and Moldavia. 



1771. Sweden :-Gustavus in.® 

1772. First Partitionof Polani. 



1773. Ottoman Empire :— The Russians cross- 
ing the Danube, are repulsed by Ghazi 
Hassan. 

Pope Clement abolishes the order of 
Jesuits. 

1774. India — Warren Hastings, first British 
governor-general. 

Russia:— Revolt of the Cossack Pugat- 
scheff, calling himself Czar Peter. 

Ottoman Empire :— Abdul Hamid.^g — 

1775. Pope Pius VI. 

Spain :— Able ministry of Florida Blan- 
ca. 



1776. Bassora surrendered to the Persians. 
East Indies :— Lord Pigot, governor-ge 
neral, imprisoned by his own council. 



[777. Portugal : — Maria, queen. 



128 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1777 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1731 



1782 



1783 



1784 



1785 

1786 

1787 



HerscheVs discovery of the 
Georgium Sidus. 



Prussic acid obtained in a 
parate state, by Scheele. 

Air balloon of Montgolfier. 



First American vessel In 

China. 
Institution for the deaf and 

dumb at Paris, by the Abbe 

de l'Epee. 
Sunday schools established in 

Engrand. by Robert Raikes. 
Hersehel's Telescopes. 



Stenography, by Taylor. 

Panoramas in London. 
First spinning machine 
France. 



Talma^ the celet rated trage- 
dian. 



1777 Battles of Bennington, 
IL, and Siili water. 

Philadelphia taken by 

lis. Battle of German 

ceives Burgoyne's 
Articles of confederation, 
adopted Nov. 15. 

1778. Alliance with France. 
Battle :>f Monmouth, 

Washington victorious, June 
28. 

Arrival of the French 
fleet under D'Estaing. 
Massacre of Wyoming. 

Savannah taken by the 
English. 

1779. Wayne recovers 
Stoney Point 

Paul Jones's Victory off 

1780. Battle near Camden: 
D e K a I b killed. 

Treason of Arnold. 

1781. Battle of Cowpens, gain* 
. ed by Morgan. 

f Surrender of Co 
town, Oct. 17. 



Aug. 16; Brandy wine, Sept 

the English, under Cornwal 
town, Oct. 4.— G a t e s re* 
surrender, Oct. 17. 



1778. Capture of Pondicherrjr 
in India. 



Scotland. 

1780. War with Hyder Ah in 
India. 

War with Holland. 



rnwallis at York- 

1781. Victory off the Doggci- 
bank. 



1782. Treaty with Holland, by 
J. Adams. Jay. Frank 
1 i n , and Laurens. 

1783. PEACE OF VERSA ILLES : 

INDEPENDENCE of the UNITED STATES ac 

knowledged by Ureal Bri 
tain. 

1784. New- York Chamber cf 1784. Pitt, the younger, 
Commerce founded. premier. 

Peace with Tippoo Saib. 



X 



1785. John A d a m s . l<t 
States of America to Great 
Britain. 

1786. Shay's insurrection in 
Massachusetts. 

1787. General Convention at 
Philadelphia. 

Federal Con- 
stitution of the 
United S;ates, adopted. 
178S. Cotton planted in Geor- 
gia. 
1789. George Wash- 
ington, first Presi- 
dent: 

Jefferson, Ha- 
milton, Knox, Ran- 
dolph , and Jay, form 
the cabinet. 

1791. First United States Bank. 

1792. Kentucky admitted 
to the Union. 

Un ted States Mini esta- 
blishes. 



ambassador from the United 
1736. Titt's Sinking Fund. 



1788. The king insane. — Deatn 
of Charles Edward, the last 
pretenlet. 



Tria] of Warren Hart- 
ings. 



1792. Provision for the grad- 
ual abolition of the slave 
trade. 



792 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



129 



5778 



Alliance witl> America 



1779 Scheme to invade England 
from Normandy. 

1 780 Rochambeau sent to 
aid the Americans. 



1781 
1782 

1783 



Necker resigns. 



Defeat of De Grasse in the 
West Indies, by Rodney. 



Peace of Versail 
1 e s . 



1787 



- 1739 



1 791 
1722 



La Perms? s voyage of disco- 
very. 

Financial difficulties — New 
taxation : Colonne, Brienne, 
and Necker, ministers suc- 
cessively. 

FRENCH REVOLUTION 

begins.— Bastile taken and 
razed, July 14. — Lafay- 
ette, commander of the 
national guards. — M i r a 
beau, leading orator. 



Germany. 



1778. War of the Bavarian 
succession.— Bavaria seized 
by Germany. 



1779. Congress and Peace of 
Teschen. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1782. Punishment of death 
abolished. 

The Pope visits the em- 
peror, to dissuade him from 

hostilities against the church. 



1785. 2,000 religious houses 
suppressed by the emperor. 



1783. The emperor attempts 
to control the Universities. 



1790. Leopold II .f|f- 
Congress of Reichenbach. 



Flight of the. king to Varen- 1791. Conference of Pilnitz. 
nes. — Lafayette resigns. 

1792.— Francis 1 1 . W~ 
War with Germany: — The French take Spires, Mentz, 
and Longwy— Lafayette im- 
France declared a prisoned at Olmutz. 

republic. 
Girondists and Mountainists. 



1780. Declaration of the arrneo 
neutrality — to protect neu- 
tral flags from the right ol 
search claimed by Britain. 



1782. Italy :— Pontine ma: ehes 
drained. 

India:— Rise of Sindia— 
T i p p o o , Sultan. 

1783. — alliance with the 
French. 



1786. Prussia: — Frederic 
William II. 

1787. Russia : — War with 
the Porte. 

1788. Spain :— Charles IV. 

1789. Ottoman Empire : — 
Selim II. 

1790. Tuscany : — Ferdinand 



1792. Sweden. — GustavusIV. 



130 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1793 A.D.- 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Tom Paine, Alfieri, Italian 
Fisher Ames. poet. 



599 



1801 



ld02 



904 



Hannah More, 

Gainsboro', 

Moreland. 



Gluck, 
Haydn, 
Mozart, 
Albrechtsber- 
gen, 



Bognslawski, 
Krasiki, Po- Beethoven 
lish poets. I 



Pestalozzi, system of elemen- 
tary education. 

Mango Park's travels in 
Africa, published. 



Iron railways in England. 
Polytechnic school in Paris. 



first book-fair in New- York. 



First Locomotive Steam En- 
gine used on the Merthyn 
Tydvil road in Wales. 



United States. 



1793. Washington re-elected. 
Neutrality in regard to 
France. 



Gf.sat Britain. 



1793. First coalition agains* 
France, directed by Eng- 
land — all Europe, except 
Sweden, Denmark, and Tur- 
key. 



1794. Commercial treaty with England. 

Commencement! British army 

of the navy— 6 fri-J near Dunkirk, 
gates built. 



defeated 



796. Washington declines 
a reelection. 



1797. John Adams, 2d 
president. 



Difficulties with France. 

1798. Regular army organized, 
Washington commander-in- 
chief. 

1799. Death of Washington. 
Tennessee becomes 

a State. 



1800. Seat of government 
transferred to Washington, 
D. C. 



1801. Thomas Jeffer- 
son, 3d President. 

Exports of United States, 
$93,000,000. 

1802. Ohio joins the Union ; 
it has 76,000 inhabitants. 



1803. Purchase of Louisi- 
ana, for $15,000,000. 

U. States frigate Philadel- 
phia, taken by the Tripoli- 
tans. 

1804. Decatur recaptures 
the Philadelphia. 

Preble bombards Tri- 
poli. 

Burr kills Hamilton. 

1S05. Jefferson re-elected Pre- 
sident : George Clin- 
ton, of New- York, Vice- 
President. 



1795. War with Holland. 



1798. Second coalition again*' 
France.— Irish rebellion. — 
Nelson's victory z.t 
the Battle of the 
Nile. 

Wilberforce's motion to 
abolish the slave trade, lost, 
87 10 83. 



1800. Union of 
land and Ire 
— Malta taken. 



Eng- 

and. 



1801. Battle of Alexandria.— 
Pitt resigns, succeeded by 
Addington. 

1802. Peace of Amiens 



1803. Successful war in India. 



1804. Pitt again premier, 



1805. Nelson defeats thf 
French and Spanish fleeu 
off Trafalgar. 



1805 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



131 



1:93 



1794 



? 



1796 



1796 



1797 



1798 
1799 



1800 



1801 



1802 



1803 



1804 



1906 



France. 



The king and queen beheaded. 
Reign of Terror. 



Germany. 



1793. First Coalition 
against France. 



Marat assassinated by Char 

lotte Corday. 
Victories of P i c h e g r u and J o u r d a n —the allies 

every where driven back. 1 
Revolution of the 9th Thermi- 

dor. 
Robespiere guillotined. 

NAPOLEON BONA- 
PARTE, commander of 
the army ; quells an insur- 
rection in Paris. 

War in Italy. 

Battle of Loili. 

Bonaparte's Austri an Campaig n— H c h e 
and Moreau's cele- 
brated passage of the Rhine. 

Peace of Campo Formio. 



The World, elsewhere. 



Bonaparte's expedition to 
Egypt is defeated by Nelson 
afAboukir, Aug. 1. 

The French enter Switzerland 
under Bernadotte and 
Jourdan. — Return of Bona- 
parte. — R evolution of 
the 18th Brumaire 
— B onaparte, first 
consul. 

Battle of Marengo. 



1798. Second Coalition against 
France. 



-Moreau's victory 
Hohen linden. 



of 



Peace of Lunevile. 



Bonaparte elected president of 

the Italian republic. 
Peace of Amiens. 
Legion of Honor instituted 

War with Errand. 
Bank of France. 



Duke D'Enghien shot. 

Bonaparte crowned as NA- 
POLEON I., Emperor of 
the French. 

Marshals Soult, Murat, 
N e y , <fec. 

Austrian Campaign, 



Peace of 
Napoleon Protector of the 



1804. The emperor of Ger- 
many assumes the title of 
emperor of AUSTRIA. 



Batttle of Aueter' 
litz. 

Presburg. 

Confederation of the Rhine. 



1793. Second Partition of Po- 
land by Russia and Prussia. 

H a y t i independent re- 
public, under Toussainl 
L'Ouverture. 

1794. Poland :— Revolt at Cra 
cuw. — K osciusko, g»- 
neral-in-chief — Russians de- 
feated at Warsaw. 



1795. Final partition 
of Poland — extinction 
of the kingdom. 

Batavian Republic :— Shi- 
melpennink. 

1796. Russia :— Paul I. 

1797. Switzerland : — General 
Revolution — The French 
invade Berne — Helvetian 
Republic. 

Prussia : — Frederic Wil- 



liam II 1.1 
798. Ind: 



. : — M ar q u i s 
governor-gen- 



Vellesley, 
eral. 

1799. Russians, under Sur- 
warrow, defeated near 

Milan. 



1800. Armed neutrality of the 
north. 

Pope Pius VII. 
Ionian Republic founded 

1801. Russia: Alexander. W 



1802. Italian Republic- 
parte president. 



-Bona- 



1803. India : 
War. 



-Great M&hratu 



1804. Russia: — War with 
Persia. 



132 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1806 A.D.- 



5306 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Planet Juno discovered. 
Lewis Sr Clark's expedition 
to the Rocky Mountains. 



\) 3071 Fulton's first success- 
i ful trial of steam- 

J BOATS. 



-i* 



1810 



1812 



1SL4 



1815 



General University established 
by Napoleon, to superintend 
national education. 

Lithography invented. 



In England : 
Flaxman, 
Westmacott, 
Chantrey, 
sculptors. 



France : 
La Grange, 
j Mange, 
\Hauy, 
\BioU 

B. St. Pierre, 
1 poet. 



First steamboat built in Eu- 
rope. 



American Board of Com- 
missioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions, founded. 

Steam carriages in England. 
Gas used for lighting the 
streets of London. 

Safety lamp invented by Sir 
Hu 



imphrey Davy. 



In England : 
H. K. White, 
Keats, 
Reg. Heber, 
Shelley, 
Crabbe, 
Sir W. Scott, 
Byron, 
Coleridge, 
Lamb, 

Montgomery, 
Hogg. 

France : 
Mad. de Stael, 
Mad. de Genlis. 
Chateaubriand 
Cuvier. 

Melendez Val- 
dez, Spanish 



iBilderdyk, 
Dutch. 

German : 
W. Schlesrel, 
F Schlegel, 
Richter, 
Kotzebue: 
Weber and 
Spohr,musi- 
cal compo- 
sers. 

Russia : 
Karamsin, 
Somorokor, 
Dmitriev, 
Krilov. 



United States. 



1807. Embargo on all the 
ports of the'United States. 

Trial of Aaron Burr for 
treason. 

Slave trade abolished. 



1809. James Madison, 
4th President. 

Embargo repealed ; the 
non- intercourse act passed. 



1811. Engagement between 
tne ' President ' and the 
' Little Belt.' 

Indians on the Wabash, 
defeated by Gov. Harrison. 

Population of the United 
States, 7,239,903. 



Great Britain. 



306. Fourth Coalition against 
France. 



1807. Bill for the aoolition of 
the slave trade, passed. 



1808. The English, undei 
W e 1 1 e s 1 e y , enter Spain 
as aliies. 



1809. Fifth Coalition. 

Walcheren expedition. 



1810. War with Sweden. 



1811 George, Prince of Wales, 
Prince Regent, (the king be- 
ing insane). 

Population of Great Bri- 
tain, 12,552,144. 



1812. 



War with Great Britain. 



Invasion of Canada under Gen. Hull. 

Gen. Hull surrenders Detroit to the British. 
The Constitution captures tie Guer 
r i e r e : i 

(First check of British Lord L : rerpool 

naval supremacy.) | premier. 

Wool victorious at Queenstown, O.t. 12. 
Captain Jones, in the Wasp, captures the Frolic, 
Oct. 18. 



The "United States," 

The Constitution, Captain 

Louisiana admitted into 
the Union. 

1813. Perry's victory 
on Lake Erie. 

Battle of the Thames : 
Tecumseh killed. 

1814. City of Washington 
burnt by the British. 



Captain Decatur, captures the 
British frigate Macedonian. 

Bainbridge, captures the Bri 
tish frigate Java. 



1813. Sixth Coalition against 
France — Prussia, Russia, 
Sweden, Great Britain, and 
Austria. 

1814. Treaty of Chaumort be- 
tween Austria, Prussia, Rus- 
sia, and Great Britain. 



Peace of Ghent, signed Dec. 



1815. Battle of New-Orleans ; 
British defeated by General 
Jackson, Jan. 8. 

War against Algiers de- 
dared. 



1815. Candy and Almora cap- 
tured. 

Wellington vie 
torious at Waterloo, June 18 



815 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



13. 



1806 



1807 



France. 



1811 



1812 



Germany. 



Victory of Jena over the Prussians, 
erlin decree. 



War with Russia. 

Battle of Friedland.— P e a c e 

of Tilsit. 
Invasion of Portu- 



b "■ ■ • 

French in Spain defeated at 
Vienna, by Sir Arthur Wel- 
lesley. 



Battle f W a g r a m— 



Napoleon marries Maria Lou- 
ise. — Continental peace ex- 
cept with Spain. 

Birth of the emperor's son; 
created king of Rome. 

Soult victorious in Spain — 
takes Badajos ; is defeated 
by the English at Albuesa. 



Russian Campaign. 

Battles of Smolensko and Bo- 
rodino. 

Moscow entered hy Napoleon's 
army— and bun 3d by the 
Russians. 



IS13 



1814 



1815 



Victories of L u t z e n 
Bautzen, and D r e s 
den, over the allies. 

Battle of Leipsic- 

The allies enter Paris. 

Napoleon abdicates, 
and retires to Elba. 

House of Bourbon 
restored: 

Louis XVIII. 

Bonaparte returns from Elba. 

The hundred days. 

Napoleon victorious at Lisny. 

BATTLE OF WATERLOO. 

'She allies enter Paris. 

Bonaparte banish- 
ed to St Helena. 



Peace of Vienna. 
M e 1 1 e r n i c h , minis- 
ter. 



1812. Austria in alliance with 
France against Russia. 



1813. War of German inde- 
pendence. 

Austria joins the Coali- 
tion. 

Bonaparte driven to the 
Rhine, loses his whole army. 



1815. German League. 

Congress of Vien 
na. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1806. Holland :— Louis Napo- 
leon, king. 

Prussia at war with Franc* 
in alliance with Rus.s-ia. 

L807. Ottoman Empire : — Mus 
tapha IV. 



1808. Spain :— Ferdinand VII. 

" Joseph Napoleon. 
Naples:— Mural. 
Denmark :— Frederic VI 
Ottoman Empire :— Mah 
moud II. 

1809. Sweden :— Charles XIV 



1810. South America:— VE 
NEZUELA declared inde- 
pendent. 

1811. NEW GRENADA do 

clared independent. 



1812. Invasion op Russia 

by Napoleon.— BURNING 
OF MOSCOW. 

K u t o s o f f pursues 
the retreating French. 

Poland:— Diet of War- 
saw: the Poles declared a 
nation by Napoleon. 



1813. South America:— B :> 
1 i v a r drives the Span 
iards from Caraccas. 



1814. Union of Holland an^ 
Belgium. — Peace of Kiel 
Sweden, and England. 

Union of Sweden ana 
Norway as two kingdoms 
under one monarch. 

1815. Netherlands :— William 



The "Holy Al- 
liance' '—Russia, Prus- 
sia, and Austria. 



134 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1815 A.D.- 



1815 



LSi.6 
1817 

1818 
1819 

1821 
1822 

1823 



1825 



1826 



Progress op Society, etc. 



New corn law in England. 

Polytechnic institution at Vi- 
enna. 

Manufactories introduced into 
Poland. 

The family of Rothschilds 
comes into notice at Frank- 
fort. 

Abolition of the slave trade by 
the congress of Vienna. 

Second United States Bank 
chartered for 20 years, capi- 
tal 035,000,000. 

Public schools established 

throughout Russia. 
Belzoni penetrates the second 

pyramid of Gheza. 

Abolition of predial bondage 
in Bavaria and Wirtemberg. 



United States. 



1816. United States Bank in- 
corporated. 

Indiana admitted. 

1817. James Monroe, 
5th President. 

Mississippi ad- 
mitted. 

1318. Illinois admitted. 
War with the Seminoles. 



First passage of the Atlantic by steam, by the Savannah- 
New- York to Liverpool. 



Rise of mechanic institutions 
in England. 

Hieroglyphics deciphered :— 
Champollion.— Sir William 
Herschel died. 

Huskisson's free trade system 

in England. 
First manufactory in Egypt, 

established by Mehemet Ali. 

Inland navigation of the 
United States : the great 
Erie Canal opened. 



Mail-posts in Prussia. — 

Steam navigation on the 

Rhine. 
General financial panic in 

England. 
Vast increase of periodical 
literature in England, France, 

Germany, America, &c. 



Alexander Volta dies, disco- 
verer of the Voltaic battery. 



1820. Maine admitted. 

1821. Monroe re-elected. 
Missouri admitted. 
Slavery compromise. 



1824. Lafayette's visit. 
Erie canal opened. 
Protective tutiff. 



1825. J. Q. Adams, 6th 
President. 



Great Britain. 



1816. Bombardment of A Igieru 
—The Dey compelled V 
make peace and abolish 
slavery. 

1817. Lord Exmouth's expe- 
dition to Algiers 



1820.- Seorge I V .f£- 



1823. Canning ministry. 
The Ashantees in Afiica 
defeated. 



1825. Commercial treaty witli 
Prussia. 



1827. Treaty of London if 
favor of Greece. 



1828. Wellington ministry 
Disturbances in Ireland 



1 828 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



135 



Francs. 



1821 



1824 



Congress of Aix la Chapelle 
— France joins the " Holy 
Alliance." 



Death of Napoleon at St. He- 
lena. 



•Charles X 



Fleet sem to Algiers. 



Austria, <fcc. 



1821. Congress of monarchs 
at Laybach. — Insurrection 
in Moldavia and Wallachia. 
— Alexander Ypsilanti de- 
feated and carried prisoner 
to Austria. 



The WorlDj elsewnere. 



1816. Portugal -John VI.® 
in Brazil 

Union of Naples and 
Sicily. 

1817. Republic of the Ionian 
Islands. 

India :— The cholera com- 
mences its ravaees. 

1818. Sweden :— Charles XIV. 
(Bernadotte.) 

India:— The Mahratta 
power completely over- 
thrown, and the British suc- 
ceeds. 

1819. South America:— Re- 
public of COLOMBIA :~ 
Bolivar, President. 

1821 Hayti :— B oyer, em- 
peror. 

South America-— PERU 
and GUATEMALA inde- 
pendent. 

1822. BRAZIL declare! inde. 
pendent. 

Mexico :— Iturbide, em- 
peror. 

Greek Revolu- 
tion. 

Declaration of Indepen- 
dence. 

Massacre of Scio. 

1823. Italy :— Leo XII., pope, 

1824. Death of Lord Byron at 
Missolonghi. 

1825. Russia :— N i c h 1 a a 



1826. —War with Persia. 
Greece : — Missolongk, 

taken by the Turks. 

1827. Treaty between Russrj 
and the Porte respecting 
Greece. 

Greece :— B a 1 1 1 e of 
N a v a r i n o . 

Portugal :— Maria de Glc 

ria, queen, f§?^ 

— Rebellion in favor cl 
Don Miguel as regent. 

1828. War between Russia 
and the Porte. 



i3 6 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1829 A.D.- 



1830 

1831 

"lAj2 

1333 
1834 

JS35 

1836 



Progress of Society, etc. 



In England : 
Jeremy Ben 

t/ia?n, 
Thomas Chal 

mers, 
Thomas Dick 
W. Kirby, 
Hallam, 
Linganl, 
Wordsworth. 
Southey, 
Campbell, 
Moore, 
Leigh Hunt, 
Mrs. Hemans 
Bulwer, 

Barry Com 

wall." 

Russia : 
Kuramsin, 
Somorokov, 
Dmietriev, 
Krilov. 



France : 

Cuvier, 

Talma, trage- 
dian, 

Segur, 

La Place, 

Ber anger, 

Lamartine. 

Germany: 

Spohr, 

Mayerbeer, 

Kotzebue, 

Gail, 

Sjiurzheim. 

Sweden : 
Tegner, 
Dahlyren. 

Italy : 
Rossini, 



U. 

N. Webster, 
Irving, 
Cooper, 
Flint, 
Wirt, 
Marshall, 



Pagauini. 

S. A. 

Wheaton. 

Kt m. 

Story, 

Gallatin, 

Livingston, 

Channing. 



Liverpool and Manchester 
Railroad opened. 

The two Landers succeed in 
tracing the Niger from Lake 
Tchad to the ocean. 

The first newspaper in Con- 
stantinople. — The Factory 
Bill in England, limiting the 
hours of labor for children. 

Reform, Bill in England: — 
Extension of Suffrage. 

Trade unio?is in 1 
France, Germany, Switzer- 
land. Ax. 

Girard College, at Philadel- 
phia, and the University of 
New-York, commenced. 

De Tocqucville's History of 
Democracy in America. 

Inquisition abolished in 
Spain. 

Slavery abolished in the 
British colonies. 

Boston and Lowell Railroad 
completed. 

James Smithson, of London, 
bequeathes .£100,1)00 to the 
United States for the esta- 
blishment of an Institution 
"for the increase and diffu- 
sion of knowledge among 



men. 

The Luxor obeli 
Paris. 



k erected at 



United States. 



1S29. General Jack- 
son, 7th President of the 
United States. 



1830. Treaty between the 
United States and the Porte. 



1331. The king of the Nether 
North Eastern Boundary, be 

1832. War with the Winneba- 
goes and other Indian tribes. 
—Cholera in New- York. — 
Nullification in South Caro- 
lina. — General Jackson's ce- 
lebrated proclamation. 

1833. General Jackson re-elect- 
ed to the Presidency. 

Removal of the Depo- 
sites of the United States 
from the U. S Bank. 
1334. The President censured 
by the Senate for removing 
the Deposites. 

1835. Great Fire in New- York. 



1336. The national debt of the 
United States being paid, the 
surplus revenue Is divided 
among the States. 

Treaty with Morocco. 

1337. The independence of 
Texas acknowledged. 

Martin Van Buren 
3th President. 



Great Britain. 



1829. Catholic emancipatior. 
Captain Ross' voyage to 
discover a North West pas- 
sage. 



1830. — W i I 1 i a m I V f|f 
Earl Grey, minister. 
Dilliculties with China. 
1331. Lord John It u s- 
s e 1 ' s Reform Bill intro- 
duced. 

Cholera first appears in 
England. 

lauds makes his award on the 
tween the United States and 

the British provinces. 
I33;i Reform Bill passed. 



1833. Captain Ross returns 
from his voyage ol disco- 
very. 



1334. Sir Robert Peel 
Premier. — Difficulties is 

Canada. 



1837. 



Vir toria 



1837 A - D - A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



137 



AD. 


France. 


Austria, &c. 


The World, elsewhere. 


1829 


Algiers tak«n. 




1829. Italy :— Pius VIII., pope. 

Algiers taken by the French. 

VENEZUELA independent, General 
P a e z , President. 


1830 


Three Days' Revo- 




1830. BELGIUM revolts from Holland, and 




lution, July 27,28, and 




is declared independent in August. 




29. 




1830. Polish struggle for nation- 




Lafayette, commander of ihe 




al i t y , begins November 19. 




National Guard. 




Brazil :— Revolution ; Don Pedro II. Hf 




Charles X abdicates. 






— L ouis Philippe I. 




1831. Belgium :-L e p 1 d I .@ 

The Poles victorious at Prayo. 




(House of Orleans.)^ 










Italy :— Gregory XVI., pope. 








Poland :— Warsaw capitulates to Rus- 


W32 


Ministry of Marshal S u 1 1 . 




1832.' The kingdom of GREECE founded : 
O th I.® 














Poland:— The Insurrection crushed; 








5000 families sent to Siberia. 








—University of Warsaw abolished. 
1833. Spain :— Isabella. W 






1833. The Em- 






peror of Rus- 


— Don Carlos claims the throne. 






sia visits the 


Portugal :— A constitutional monarchy. 






Emperor of 


Egypt :— Mehemet Ali acknowledged by 






Austria. 


the Sultan. 

Mexico : — Santa Anna, President. 
1834. Quadruple alliance— England, France. 
Spain, and Portugal, against Don Miguel 


1S35 


Death of Lafayette. 




and Don Carlos. 






183s 


1835. The Plague ir. Egypt. 


1836 


Insurrection attempted by 




1836. Spain :— The Queen Regent adopts the 




Louis Napoleon at Stras- 




constitution. 




burg. 




Texas :— Battle of San Jacinto, Santa 






Ferdi- 
nand l.ff 


Anna taken prisoner. 














China:— A decree to expel all Britiaa 








ard other barbarian merchants. 



138 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



837 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Societv, etc. 


United States. 


Great Britain. 


1837 


S • F. B. Morse takes 








out a patent for his Elec- 


1838. The Exploring Expedi- 






tro-magnetic Tele- 


tion sails. 






graph, (invented 1832 ) 








Suspension of specie payments 


1839. Disturbances on the 


1839. The Biitish take posse* 




by the Banks in the "United 


" disputed territory," be- 
tween Maine and New- 


sion of Ghuzne. 




States, in May. 








Brunswick. 




1339 


The Daguerreotype 

invented in Paris. 
Improvement of the condition 

of the Jews in Russia. 








An Antarctic Continent disco 


vered by the United States 


1810. The uniform Penny 
Postage system esta.iishea 






Exploring Expedition. 


1810 


Penny postage system in Eng- 




Marriage . f Queen Vic- 




land. 




toria to Prince Albert ol 
Saxe Cobourg. 




Persecution of the Jews at 




War with Chii a, to en- 




Damascus. 




force the opium trade. 

War in Syria : — Great 




Wheatstone's Electric Tele- 




Britain taking part with 
Austria and Turkey. Lord 
Palme rston's foreign 




graph patented in England. 










policy excites the ill-will 01 
France. 












1841. W. H. Harrison, 


IS11. The war with China 






9th President. 


ended : $6,000,000 received 






He dies April 4, just one 


as a ransom for Canton 






month after his inaugura- 








tion. 








John Tyler, sue. 








ceedshim, as 10th President. 








Congress meets in extra 








session, May 31. 








Sub-Treasury Act re- 








pealed, Aug. 9. 








Bankrupt Act passed, 








August 18. 




1342 


The Crot m Aqueduct in New- 


1342. The Dorr Insurrection 


1842 




York completed. 


in Rhode Island. 








Treaty between the Uni 


ted States and England, settling 
the north-eastern boundary. 




Batoa electro-magnetic Tele- 




Treaty of peace witb 
China. 




graph patented in London. 




1813. Great. "Repeal" 
agitation in Ireland. 

The British gain posses- 
sion of Scinde. 


1344 


" Antirentism * o.oached in 


lS4<i. Texas annexed to 


1844. Daniel O'Connell's trial 




the State of New- York. 


the United States. 


and imprisonment— the sen- 






Anti-rent riots in New- 
York. 
1815. Treaty with China. 

James K. Po.k, 


tence reversed by the He use 
of Lords. 
1845. Sir John Franklin sails 


2845 


A great defection from the Ro- 




mish church, under the 


in search of the north m mi 




preaching of Ronge, in Ger- 


11th President. 


passage. 




Lord Rosse's Telescope. 


1846. War with M e x i - 
c : 






Gutta Percha in use. 


Hostilities commence on 




1845 


Completion of the Thames 


the Rio Grande, April 24. 






Tunnel. March 25. 


Battle of Palo Alto, 




1846 


The Planet Neptune, pre- 


May 8. 






dicted by Le Verrier, dis- 


Battle of Resaca de ia 






covered by Dr. Guile, of 


Palma, May 9. 






Berlin, Sept. 23. I 







1846 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



39 



1»40 



France. 



Austria, &c. 



Talleyrand dies. 
Difficulty with Mexico: cap- 
tare oi" San Juan d'Ulloa. 



Prince Louis Napoleon at- 
tempts a hostile descent on 
the coast of France, near 
Boulogne— is taken prisoner, 
and imprisoned at Ham. 



G u i z o t , minister for fo- 
reign affairs. 

The remains of Napoleon 
removed from St. Helena, 
and deposited with great 
honors at the Inyalides, ill 
Paris. 



1842 



The World, elsewheie. 



1833. New 
Treaty of 
commerce 
with Eng- 
land, July 3. 



Ferdinand 
crowned at 
Milan, Sep- 
tember 6. 



The duke of Orleans, heir to 
the throne, killed by a fall 
from his carriage. 



1814 



1846 



The Duke de Nemours ap 
pointed Regent, in the event 
of the king's death. 



Louis Napoleon escapes from 
Ram, May 26. 



1838. Mexico:— The Castle of San Jua* 
d'Ulloa taken by tne French. 

1839. Peace between France and Mexico. 
China :— The Opium trade forbidden. 
Turkey at war with Egv D t. 

India :— Ghuzne taken by tie British. 

1840. China :— Canton blockaded by the Eng- 
lish, to compel the renewal of «i?e opium 
trade. 

Holland :— William I. abdicates : 
William II. W 

Syria : _ St. Jean d'Acre taker, by tha 

English, Austrians, and Turks 



1841. China:— Canton capitulates, $6,000,000 
paid in one week, as a ransom f™- the city. 

Mexico :— Santa Anna enters the capi- 
tal, and places himself at the head of the 
government. 



1842. India :— Insurrection in Afghanistan. 



1843 Temporary surrender of the Sandwich 
Islands to Great Britain, compelled by Lord 
Geo. Paulet. 

Greece:— King Otho compelled to ac- 
cept a constitution, Sept. 15. 

The Society Islands seized by a French 
squadron— restored by the government. 

India :— Scinde annexed to the British 
empire. 
1846. Poland :— A powerful, but unsuccessful 
insurrection at Cracow, Feb. 23. 

Rome :— Pi us IX., pope ; elected June 6, 

Poland :— Cracow deprived of its xdo- 
pendence, Nov. 16. 



140 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1846 A.D.- 



i.i». Progress 3P Society, etc. 



United States. 



1816. The Oregon Trea 
tling the North- Western Bo 

Commodore Sloat takes 
possession of California. 
July 6. 

New Tariff bill passed, 
establishing ad valorem du- 
ties. 

Battle of Monterey, Sep- 
tember 23. 

Tampico occupied, No- 
vember 14. 

1817. Battle of Buena Vista. 
Feb. 22. 

Battle of Sacramento, 
Feb. 26. 

Vera Cruz surrenders, 
March 29. 

Battle of Cerro Gordo, 
April 18. 

Battle of Contreras, Au- 
gust 20. 

Armistice, Aug. 24. 
Hostilities renewed, Sep- 
tember 7. 

Battle of Molino del Rey, 
Sept. 8. 

Battle of Chepultepec, 
Sep, 12. 

Mexico surren- 
ders, Sept. 14. 
1848 1848. Treaty of Peace with 

Mexico, signed at Guada- 
loupe Hidalgo, Feb. 22. 

The cultivatio 1 of the Tea ' plant in the United States, 
commenced by J. Smith, near Greenfield, South Caro- 
lina. 

Postal convention betw 



Great Britain. 



t y with Great Britain, set 
undary, signed at Louioa, 
June 18. 



Suspension Bridge at Nia- 
gara Falls, opened July 29. 



1847. Severe famine in Ire* 
land. Large supplies of 
food sent from the United 
States. 

The Bogue forts in China 
taken and destroyed, April 
26. 



First deposit of Califor- 
nia gold in the mint, Dec. 8. 



Emigration from Europe to America during Jiis year, 
300,000. 



1S48. Civil war in Ireland. 

John Mitchell, tried and 
condemned to transporta- 
tion, May 26. 

een the United States and 
Great Britain. 



Habeas Corpus Act su» 
pended in Ireland, July 25. 



Smith O'Brien arrested 
and condemned, Aug. 5. 



Return of Rom's erpt 
dition, Nov. 



1848 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



141 



France. 



184/ 



IS& 






Reform Banquets in 
burg, Chartres, &c. 



Stras- 



Michelet's Lectures interrupt- 
ed by the ministers, Dec. 

Abd-el-Kader captured, Dec. 
22. 

Debate on the Reform Bill, 
Feb. 8. 

Proposed Banquet a< Paris, 
abandoned, Feb 21. 

Revolutio> com- 
menced, Feo. 22. 

Barricades erected. Feb. 123. 

Louis Philippe abdicates and 
flies, Feb. 24. 

Provisional government esta- 
blished. 

Lamartine, Provisional 
President. Feb. 24. 

French Republic proclaimed 
Feb. 26. 

Meeting of the National As 
sembly, May 4. 

Bloody Insurrection in Paris 
June 23-25. 

Cavaignac, military dictator. 
June 24. 

Paris in a state of siege. 

New Constitution adopted 
Nov. 4. 



Louis Napoleon Bo 
n a p a r t e , elected Pre 
siitnt, Dec. 10. 



Austria, &c. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1847. Austria 1847. Prussia :— Frederic William granto e 

takes posses- constitution, Feb. ~ 
sion of Cra 

cow. Hayti :— Soulouque, President, March ! 



Algiers — Abd-el-Kadei made a prisonei 
to France, Dec. 22. 



1848. Sardinia :— Charles Albert protests 
against the encroachment of Austria, and calls out an 
army of 25,000 men. Jan 10. 

Naples : — Rebellion at Palermo, Jan. 12. 
Sardinia :— Charles Albert proclaims a 
constitution, Feb. 8. 

Bavaria :— Disturbances on account at 
Lola Montes — the king abdicates in favor of 
his son, 



-Maximilian II. 



March 22. 



Charles Albert 



The Ban Jella- 
chich ap- 
pointed gov- 
ernor of 
Hungary, 
Oct. 3. 

Insurrection at 
Vienna, Oct. 
6. 

1848. The Em- 
peror leaves 
the city. The 
Hungarian 
army advan- 
ces within 6 
miles of Vi- 
enna, Oct. 11. 

Windisch- 
gratz ap- 
pointed com- 
mander of 
the imperial 
army. 



enters Milan, March 23. 

Denmark :— Revolt of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein, March 26. 

Sicily declared independent, April 3. 

Holland receives a constitution, April 17. 

Poland :— Unsuccessful revolt at Cra- 
cow, April 25. 

Sicily :— The Duke of Genoa elected 
king, July 10. 

India : — Insurrection in Ceylon. Aug. 16. 

Armistice signed between Denmark 
Prussia and Sweden, Aug. 26. 

India:— The British make- an unsuC' 
cessful attempt on Moultan. 

Sicily : — Messina bombarded and taken. 
Sept. 2. 

Hungary :— K o s s u t h appointed Pre 
sident of the Defence Committee, ac i Diets 
tor, Oct. 



37 



142 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1848 A.D.- 



1949 



lc50 



Progress op Society, etc. 



A new planet discovered by 
Gasparis, at Naples. 



United States. 



1849. Zachary Taylor 

12th President. 



Magnetic Telegraph lines in use in the United States in 
1849, 10,000 miles. 



Tubular Bridge in Anglesea, 
England. 



Magnetic Clock, invented by 
Dr. Locke, at Cincinnati. 



Rail Roads 6,000 " 



Emigration from Europe to America, during this year, at 
the rate of 1000 a day. 



Great agitation on the Slavery 
Question in the United 
States Congress. 

The Pekin Monitor, a new 
paper, printed in China. 

The Sultan of" Turkey, grants 
permission to the Jews to 
build a temple on Mount 
Zion. 

A University founded at Syd- 
ney, New South Wales. 



Deaths in 1850 : 

V. S. A. EUROPE. 

A. Judson, Wordsworth, 
#. M. Fuller, Jeffrey, 
M L.Davis. iNeander, 
|Zschokke, 
iBerzelius, 
'Balzac. 



Great Britain. 



1849. Moultan, in India, tafcea 
Jan. 3. 



1850. John C. Calhoun died at 
Washington. 

Attempted invasion of 
Cuba:— 600 adventurers un 
der Lopez, repulsed at Car 
denas, May. 

Death of Gen. Taylor 
July 9. 

Millard Fillmore 
13th President. 

California ad 
mitted, 31st State. 

Texas boundary settled 
by the payment of 10,000,000 
dollars to Texas. 

New-Mexico and Utah 
admitted as Territories. 

Bill for the arrest of 
fugitive slaves passed by Con- 
gress. 
Slave trade in the District of 
Columbia abolished. 



1850. The war m Lahore fii> 
ished, and th<i Punjaub an- 
nexed to the British crawn. 



A British fleet blockades 
the ports of Greece, to en- 
force the alleged claims of 
British subjects. 

Sir Robert Peel dies 
July 2. 

Haynau. " the Austria* 
butcher." chastised by tb« 
draymen in London, Sept. 



1850 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



143 



tSso 



France. 



Louis Philippe dies in Eng- 
land 



Austria, &f, 



The World, Use where. 



3 4 8. The Em- 
peror issues a 
proclamation 
against the 
city. 
Kossuth withdraws his army from Vienna, Oct. 27. 



The Imperial 
ists take pos- 
session of Vi- 
enna, Nov. 
2. 



Ferdinand ab- 
dicates, Dec. 
2. 

— Francis 
JL 

Joseph Iggf 



1849. A new 
Constitution 
promulgated 
March 4. 

Brescia taken 
by Haynau, 
March 30. 



Rome :— M azzini's proclamation. 
Oct. 29. 

Prussia :— The king prorogues the A&* 
sembly, Nov. 9. 

—the Burgher Guard of Berlinwrefuse to 
give up their "arms. The city in a state oi 
siege, Nov. 12. 

Home :— Count Rossi, the Pope's prime- 
minister, assassinated, Nov. 10. 

India:— Great battle near Ramnuggur, 
Nov. 22. 

Rome :— The Pope escapes in disguise, 
Nov. 24. 

Hungary declared independent, Dec. 
1849. India":— Moultan taken by the British, 
Jan. 3. 

Italy:— The Grand Duke of Tuscany 
flies. Provisional Government proclaimed, 
Feb. 9. 

Rome :— Republic proclaimed, Feb. 9. 

Sicily :— A new Constitution conceded 
by Naples, March 6. 

Sardinia :— Charles Albert defeated by 
Radetsky, March 21— again totally defeated 
at Novarra, March 23, he abdicates the 
throne in favor of his son, 

Victor Emanuel. @ 

India :— The Punjaub annexed to tne 
British Empire, March 29. 

Italy :— Insurrection in Genoa, April !., 



Russia comes to the aid of Austria asainst Hungary, April 
26. 

Rome :— The French army arrives un- 
der the walls of Rome, April 29. 



Haynau takes 



command of the Austrian army in Hungary, 
June. 

Rome surrendersjto the French, July 2. 
Garibaldi leaves the city, July 3. 

Rome : — The government placed in the 
hands of the Pope's commissioners, Aug. 3. 



Gorgey traitor-ously surrenders to the Russians, Aug. 11. 
Kossuth escapes into Turkey. 
Venice capitulates to Radetsky, Aug. 22. 
1850. Rome:— The Pope returns, April. 



Greece disputes the claims of Great 
Britain for losses of British subjects : ii 
forced to submit. 

China:— The Emperor Tau-Kwang, 



jze-hing fg^ s icceedfl. 



144 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1850 A.D. 




'850 On the subject of the Mobbing 
of Marshal Ha/nan daring 
a visit to a London brewery, 
notes pass between Austria 
and Great Britain, termi- 
nating in a threat of retalia- 
tion oh the part of the latter, 
Sept.— Nov. 



A Memorial for the annexa- 
tion of Canada to the U. S. 
rAceived in five hours tho 
signatures of 300 merchants, 
landowners, and profes- 
sional men, in Montreal, 
Oct. 10. 



Woman's Rights Con- 
vention, held at Worcester, 
Mass., Oct. 23. 



North- West Passage- discov- 
ered by Capt. McClure (Br. 
Navy) in the Investigator, 
Oct. 26. 



The British Consul at Charles- 
ton calls the attention of 
the Governor of South Ca- 
rolina to a law of 1 1) at State, 
under which British sea- 
men (colored) are impris- 
oned when they enter her 
ports for trade' or in dis- 
tress, Dec. 



Deaths in 1S50: 

v. a. a. 

J. C. Calhoun, Senator, TJ. 8, 

Sam. Miller, D.D. 

Z. Taylor, President, U. 8. A. 



United States. 



1S50. California admitted 
a State, Sept. 

Fugitive Slave Bill 
passed, Sept. 



Dixit n ion Meetin gs held at 
Natchez (many present op- 
posed to disunion); at Yazoo 
City (resolutions proposed 
voted down). Oct. 7; at 
Nashville (this convention 
passed resolutions recom- 
mending a congress of 
6lavehokling States), Nov 
29. 



Union Meetings held at 
Mobile, Dayton, and New 
York, in Oct. ; at Philadel- 
phia, and Manchester, N. 
II., in Nov.; and at Bath, 
Me., in Dec. 



The Advance and Rescue. 
American vessels in search 
of Sir J. Franklin, com- 
pletely fastened in the ice. 
Bept 18. In their northerly 
drift reach lat. 75° 23', Oct 1. 



Great Buitain. 



Conventions held to 
amend the Constitutions of 
theStatesof Indiana (Oct. 7), 
Virginia (Oct. 14). Maryland 
(Nov. 4), New Hampshire 
(Nov. 6). 



Lopez and others tried at 
New Orleans for engaging 
in an expedition against 
Cuba, Dec. 17. 



Webster replies to Hiilse- 
mann on the rights of neu- 
tral nations, Dec. 21. 



I80O. Great excitement and 
agitation in England respect 
ing a dispute oh doctrine be 
tween the Bishop of Exeter 
and the Rev. Dr. Gorham, 
one of his clergy. The Privy 
Council's decision in favor 
of the latter afterwards rati- 
fied by the Courts. 



Searches for Sir J. Frank- 
lin — the North Star returns 
to Spithead unsuccessful, 
Sept 2S. The Prince Albert 
arrives at Aberdeen with th 1 
intelligence that traces ii 
his party had been found »it 
Cape Keilly and Beechy 
Island, at the entrance to 
Wellington Channel, Oct. 1. 



Appointment by tl « 
Pope of several Roman G »- 
tliolic bishops and arclr 
bishops in England, canst a 
great excitement, and a 1 
indignant letter from Loid 
J. Russell, the premier, 
Nov. 



English forces defeated 
by the Caffres in South 
Africa, with considerabk 
loss, and obliged to retreat 
to their fort, Dec. 29. 



1850 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



I4S 



FltANCK. 



1850 President creates his uncle 
I Jerome a Marshal of France, 
Jan. 1. 



300 Soldiers drowned at An- 
giers by fall of a bridge, 
Apr. 15. 

French Ambassador recalled 
from London, in conse- 
quence ;f a difficulty con- 
nected with an English 
claim on Greece, May 16. 

New Electoral Law, restrict- 
ing the right of suffrage, 
passed, May 31. 

Arrangement with England 
on the Greek dispute, June 
21. 

Dotation Bill, giving the Pre- 
sident 2,160,000 francs 
($405,000) per annum, 
passed, June 24. 



Austria, etc. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1850. Prussia :— The King takes 
the oath required by the Con- 
stitution, Feb. 6. Attempt to 
assassinate him, May 22. 

Treaty signed at Munich 
between Austria, Bavaria, Sax- 
ony, and Wurtemburg. to main- 
rain the German Union, Feb. 27. 

Wurtemburg denounces the 
insidious ambition of the King 
of Prussia, and announces a 
league between Wurtemburg, 
Bavaria, and Saxony, under the 
sanction of Austria, March 15. 

Hesse-Darmstadt withdraws 1 
from the Prussian league, June 
30. 
Treaty of Peace between Prussia and Denmark, July 

A Congress of Deputies from 
the States included in the Prus- 
sian Zollverein opened at Cas- 
sel, July 12. 



Prussia refuses to join the 
restricted Diet of Frankfort, 
Aug. 25. 



Difficulties occurring in 
Hesse-Cassel, between the Elec- 
tor and his people, in regard to 
the mode of taxation, Austria 
and Prussia respectively send 
armies to the Electorate, to take 
opposite parts in the struggle, 
Sept.— Nov. 

Austrian ultimatum deliv- 
ered at Berlin, directing that 
Prussia evacuate Hesse in eight 
days, dissolve theErfurtLeaguo, 
and recognize the Diet, etc., re- 
plied to by the Prussian King's 
signing the order calling out the 
whole military force of the mo- 
narchy, Nov. 6. 

The Russian Ambassador at 
Vienna announces that the Czar 
" would consider the continu- 
ance of the Prussian policy in 
the Electorate as a casus beM" 
Nov. 11. 

Treaty of Amnesty an- 
nounced at Berlin. Dec. 3. 

France protests, and Great 
Britain remonstrates, at Vienna, 
against the proposed extension 
of the Germanic Confederation 
beyond the Alps, Dec. 



1S50. Denmark: Bloody 
but indecisive battle ol 
Idstedt, between the 
Danes and Schleswig 
Holsteiners, July 25 



Yucatan : — Battle, 
near close of the year, 
between the White* 
and Indians ; latter vic- 
torious ; 300 Whitei 
killed. 



146 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



185 I A.D. 



185! 






Jas. Richardson, the African 
traveller, dies at the village 
of Unqurta, six days distant 
from Kouka, the capital of 
Bornon, March 4 



A Company of Gipsies from 
England arrive in Cecil 
county, Maryland, TJ. S., 
bringing with them all their 
wandering habits and pecu- 
liarities, March. 



According to the evidence 
of Mr. Baines before a Com- 
mittee of the House of Com- 
mons, there were in Great 
Britain 1:5.193 places of wor- 
ship dissenting from the 
tenets of the Established 
Church, to which may be 
added Roman Catholic Cha- 
pels, 597. minor sects and 
Jews. 550; total noncon- 
formist churches. 1 t,840. 

Exhibition of the Works 
of Industry of all Nations 
inaugurated by Queen Vic- 
toria, May 1. 

Wyld's monster globe 
erected in London ; em- 
ployed 300 men nearly 30 
days in fitting up the inte- 
rior. 



Dasuerre, the discoverer of 
the Daguerrean or Photo- 
graphic Art, dies, aged 61, 
July 10. 



The Oath of Abjuration (Jew) 
Bill passes the British 
House of Commons, with 
only verbal protests from 
the objecting minority, July 
3; but is refused a second 
reading in the House of 
Lords/July 17. 



1S51. General Quitman of 
Mississippi arrested for al- 
leged violation of the neu- 
trality law of 151 S, by set- 
ting on foot a military ex- 
pedition against Cuba. lie 
resigns his otlice of Gover- 
nor. Feb. 3. 

Erie Canal Enlargement 
Bill defeated in the N. Y. 
Senate by the withdrawal or 
resignation of 12 democratic 
members, Apr. 16 ; but 
afterwards passed by a new 
Legislature. 

Minot's Ledge Light- 
house. Boston Harbor, car- 
ried away. It was lasl seen 
standing about 3 o'clock, 
p.m., April 16. 

Arrest of a notorious 
band of desperadoes in Mi- 
chigan, Apr. 21. 

Initial point of the Boun- 
dary between the United 
States and Mexico establish- 
ed on the right bank of the 
Rio Grande del Norte, in 32 
22 north latitude, and 219.4 
meters from the center of 
the bed of the river, by the 
American and Mexican 
Commissioners, and a mon- 
ument erected recording 
the same. April 24. 

President issues a procla- 
mation, warning all persons 
within the jurisdiction of 
the United States not to aid 
or engage in any expedition 
against the Island of Cuba. 
Apr. 25. 

Convention of Delegates 
from the Southern Rights 
Associations of South Caro- 
lina meets at Charleston, 
May 5; and adjourns after 
resolving that, "with or 
without cooperation, they 
are for a dissolution of the 
Union. 1 " May S. 

Erie railroad opened 
from New York city to 
Dunkirk, 469 miles, by 
President Fillmore, Daniel 
Webster, etc., May 15. 

Riot, with loss of life, 
at Iloboken, N. J., between 
Germans and "short-boy" 
rowdies from New York, 
May 26. 

"Serious conflagrations in 
California. San Francisco 
alone suffers by them in 
Mav and June to t ae amount 
of $12,000,000. 



1S51. A strong force of Caffres 
attacks Fort White, Cape of 
Good Hope— repulsed, loss 
20 killed. The Caffre chief, 
Hermanns, with a body of 
Caffres and Hottentots, at- 
tacks Fort Beaufort, but is 
repulsed, he and his son 
killed, his band completely 
routed. 3,000 Caffres attack 
the Colonists and their allies 
near Fort Hare ; driven 
back with the loss of 100 
killed, Jan. . Col. Somer- 
set captures and burns Fort 
Armstrong, 90 Caffres killed, 
230 taken prisoners, Feb. 
23. The Hottentots of the 
Theopolis Mission Station 
in Lower Albany, join in 
the insurrection, ftlay 3i. 
They are defeated in actions 
with the English troops on 
the 3d and 5th of June. 

The Russell Ministrv re- 
sign, Feb. 22; but after- 
wards resume office, the 
Earl of Derby not having 
succeeded in forming n 
Cabinet. 

The Prohibited Affinity 
Marriage Bill lost in tue 
House "of Lords, Fob. 2P; 
Lord Campbell and the Ito- 
clesiastical Bench retina 
against it. 



1851 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



147 



Fkance. 



IS51 



Ministry resign, Jan,, 8. 

Presidential Dotation Bill 
proposing an additional 
grant of 1,800,000 francs, 
rejected in the Assembly, 
Feb. 18. 



The Sub-Committee of the 
Assembly appointed by the 
Committee of Revision to 
authenticate petitions, re- 
ports, that up to July 1, the 
petitions had been signed 
by 1,128,165 persons, thus 
classified : For revision. 
741.011; for revision and 
prolongation of powers, 
870,51 1; for prolongation of 
powers, 12.1u3— July 5. 



Austria, etc. 



The question of revision of 
the Constitution again ta- 
ken in the Assembly, when 
a minority was declared 97 
less than the three-fourths 
required bv the Constitu- 
tion, July 19. 



The World, elsewhere. 



S51. Denmark: — The Government ol 
Schleswig-Holstein yields to the Com 
missioners of the Germanic Confedera 
tion. Jan. 10. 

The Austrians complete their mili- 
tary possession of Hamburg, -Jan. 81, 
and the new government issues its pro- 
clamation, declaring its resumption of 
the seignorial rule of the King of Den- 
mark, Feb. 2. 

Danish mining operations in Green- 
land produce large quantities of coppei 
ore. yielding about 60 per cent. 
The Austrian Government and the Ottoman Porte come to 
the following settlement respecting the Hungarian Refu- 
gees: Full and entire amnesty conditioned on their not 
attempting to enter Hungary. Eight excepted, amona 
them Kossuth and Bathyany, Feb. 17. 



Charles L. 
Brace, an Am 
eri can. arrested 
and imprisoned 
in Hungary, on 
a charge of 
" being a mem- 
ber of the d 
mocratic com- 
m i 1 1 e e, an 
agent of Uj- 
hazy and Cretz, 
and of travel- 
ing with revo- 
lutionary writ- 
ings, to spread 
revolutionary 
movements," 
May 23. 



Inauguration 
of Ranch's co- 
lossal statue of 
Frederick the 
Great at Ber 
lin, May 31. 



The Ger- 
manic Diet, in 
answer to Lord 
Pahnerston's 
protest against 
annexing the 
non-Germanic 
provinces of 
Austria to the 
Germanic Fe- 
deration, says, 
"That no fo- 
reign interfe- 
rence should be 
allowed in a 
purely German 
question.'Muly 
17. 



Australia: — Discovery of large gold 
fields near Bathurst, Feb. 

East Indies:— Fort of the celebrated, 
pirate Sultan of Soloo destroyed by tho 
Spanish Government of Manilla, Feb. 
28. 

Hawaii :— The difficulties between 
the Hawaiian and French Governments 
are arranged according to the terms of a 
"mutual declaration,* 1 published at Ho- 
nolulu, signed by the minister of foreign 
relations and M. Perrin, the French 
commissioner, March 25. 



New Granada: — Congress adjourns. 
It passed a law abolishing slavery in 
the republic, to take effect January 1, 
1S52. May 29. 



Italy :— An earthquake destrovs Mel 
fi, a city of 10.000 inhabitants, about 100 
miles S. E. of Naples, and other towns 
in its vicinity. Seven shocks occurred 
within 24 hours. Melfi was separated 
by a ravine from Mount Volture, upon 
which are many extinct craters. Not 
less than 3,000 persons are said to hava 
perished. July 14. 



Ecuador:— Gen. Diego Novoa. Presi- 
dent of the Republic, seized and put 
on board a government vessel by Gen, 
TJrbina, who assumes the admin stra 
tion of the Government. July 17. 



1 48 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1851 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Bkitai 



1W1 



The lord mayor of London, 
with several of the alder- 
men and common council 
men, the royal commission- 
ers of the Exposition of In- 
dustry, etc., and the execu- 
tive committee of the royal 
commissioners, leave Eng- 
land for France, by invita- 
tion of the prefect of the 
Seine. They are entertained 
with dinners, balls, sham 
fights, and reviews of troops 
-Aug. 1. 



The inauguration of the rail- 
way between St. Peters- 
burg and Moscow, in Rus- 
sia, takes place Sept. 1. 



1851. " Vigilance committee " 
at San Francisco hang a 
man for stealing, June 10, 
and another, July 11. 

Gov. McDougal of Cali- 
fornia issues his proclama- 
tion, warning the citizens of 
the State against " vigi- 
lance committees," and 
calls upon all persons to aid 
in sustaining the law, July 
21. 

Nicaragua route, be- 
tween New York and San 
Francisco, opened. Aug. 12. 

The people of Litchfield 
county, Connecticut, cele- 
brate the 200th anniversary 
of its settlement, Aug. 13 
and 14. 

Great riot in New Or- 
leans, growing out of the 
Cuban expedition. Houses 
of Spanish residents at- 
tacked. The Spanish con- 
sul is obliged to ask protec- 
tion, and is placed in the 
city prison for safety, Aug. 
21. 

Riot, with loss of life, at 
Christiana, Pa., upon an at- 
tempt to arrest a fugitive 
slave, Sept. 11. 

TJ. S. brig Dolphin sails 
on an expedition to run a 
line of soundings for tele- 
graphic purposes across the 
Atlantic, Oct. 

Cotton-planters' conven- 
tion (300 members) meets 
at Macon, Ga. Its object 
being to prevent fluctua- 
tions in the price of cotton. 
Little harmony of views or 
concord of action manifest- 
ed. Oct. 

U. S. steam frigate Mis- 
sissippi sent to Turkey for 
Kossuth, receives him on 
board in the Dardanelles. 
The French government re- 
fuses to allow Kossuth to 
pass through France. The 
Mississippi proceeds on her 
voyage with Kossuth's com- 
panions, reaching New 
York Nov. 10. 

Kossuth arrives at New 
York in December. Ova- 
tions are offered him in the 
principal cities of the Union. 
He has an interview with 
the President, Sept. to Dec 



1851. " The great aggregate 
meeting" of Roman Catho- 
lics, from all parts of the 
United Kingdom, for the 
inauguration of the Catho- 
lic defense association, is 
held at Dublin, Aug. 19. 



The American yacht 
k ' America," at the regatta 
at Cowes, wins " The cup of 
all nations," Aug. 22. 



Kossuth arrives by Eng 
lish steamer from Gibraltar, 
at Southampton, Eng. Ova- 
tions are offered him in va. 
rious parts of the country 
He leaves for the United 
states, Nov. 



The submarine tele- 
graph between Dover and 
Calais completed, Oct. 17. 
Opened for public use Nov 
13. 



A focrth presidency 
contemplated for British 
India, and a proposal mad« 
to remove the seat of go- 
vernment from Calcutta 
to Lahore, Nov. 



185 1 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



149 



1851 



Feanoe. 



Austria, etc. 



Revolution: L. N. Bonaparte 
by a coup d'etat seizes the 
reins of government; dis- 
solves the national assem- 
bly; declares a state of 
siege ; arrests the principal 
red-republicans and social- 
ists; constitutes an entire 
new ministry. The Presi- 
dent orders an instant 
restoration of universal suf- 
frage; an immediate elec- 
tion by people and army of 
a President to hold office 
for ten years, to be sup- 
ported by a Council of State 
and two houses of Legisla- 
ture. The revolution" cre- 
ates an intense excitement. 
The vote of the army shows 
a large majority for L. N. 
Bonaparte. Resistance to 
the usurpation is shown in 
various parts of France, but 
the overwhelming power of 
the army, and a "state of 
siege 1 ' in 33 departments, 
crushes all opposition. The 
election, under various con- 
trolling influences, results 
in the confirmation of L. N. 
Bonaparte as President for 
ton years, by a vote of about 
seven out of eight millions. 
Doc 1-20. 



37 : 



1S51. Marshal Pa 
detzky, by pro 
clamation from 

Monga declan 
the Lombardo- 

Venetian king- 
dom to be in a 
state of siege, 
July 19. 

By cabinet 
lettrrs.tlie Em- 
peror ofAustria 
declares that 
his ministers 
"are responsi- 
ble to no other 
political au- 
thority than 
the throne," 
that "the 
Reichstadtisto 
be considered 
as the council 
of the throne,"' 
and the minis- 
ter president is 
to take " into 
ripe and seri- 
ous considera- 
tion the possi- 
bility of carry- 
ing out the 
Constitution 
of March 4, 
1849." Aug. '20. 

Louis Kos- 
suth and 35 of 
his country- 
men sentenced 
to death in 
contumaciam, 
at Pesth. for 
not appearing 
after citation, 
Sept. 22. 

The ques- 
tion of the ad- 
mission of 
Jews to judi- 
cial office in 
Prussia, 
brought to a 
partial termi- 
nation by their 
permission to 
study law. Oct. 



Tue World, eLsowhere. 



1S51. Russia:— Tier troops repeatedly ce 
feated by the Circassians. June. 



Nicaragua :— Gen. Munoz, ex-minis- 
ter of war, deposes President Pineda, 
and sends him and most of his cabinet 
prisoners to Tigre Islands and elects 
Albaunaz President. The Senate assem- 
bles at Grenada, and elects Montenegro 
President. Aug. 4. 



West Indies : — Volcanic eruptions 
from eight craters in the mountains 0/ 
Martinique, Aug. 5. 



Cuba :— Expedition against Cuba un- 
der General Lopez, 500 strong, sails from 
New Orleans Aug. 3, and Key West 
10th ; effects a landing at Cubanos, 11th ; 
is routed on the 20th. Lopez is taken, 
29th, and publicly garoted, Sep. 1. His 
followers shot or condemned to ten 
years' labor in Spain. The funeral obse- 
quies of the Spaniards and Cubans who 
fell in the contest with Lopez, are cele- 
brated with great pomp at the Cathedral 
in Havana. $70,000 are subscribed by 
the inhabitants o.f Havana, for the bene- 
fit of their widows and children, Sept. 9 



Mexico: — General Mariana Arista 
inaugurated President, Jan. 15; CanaJes, 
Carvajal, and others, issue pronuncia- 
mentos against the general govern- 
ment. Some fighting follows, with 
varied success, Sept.— Oct. — Nov. 



Greece:— Lord Palmerston's note to 
the Greek government produces a great 
sensation at Athens. Nov. 



Chili: -Earthquake at Valparaiso— 
the most violent since that of 1822, few 
-t. but great destruction of pro- 
pertv. April '2. Insurrection at Santiago^ 
suppressed after two hours' street-fight 
ing, April 20. Rebels under Cruz de- 
feated bv Bulnes at Longomilla, Dec & 



i5o 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



185 I A.D. 



Pboguess of SooiETf, etc. 



1851 



1852 



The town of Lagos, on the 
coast of Africa, destroyed 
by an English force, with a 
loss of thirty killed, and 09 
wounded, because the na- 
tive chief refused to sign a 
treaty for the effectual sup- 
prt^sion of the slave trade 
in his dominions. The chief 
is deposed, and another sub- 
stituted in his place, Dec. 
26-27. 



Deaths in 1851. 
U. S. I Europe. 

J. J. Audu-J. Pye Smith, 
bon, Bexley, 

S. Olin, Joan naBail lie, 

J. F. Cooper, Codrington, 

T. II. Gallau-Shei\, 
det, Lingard, 

S. G. Morton. Daguerre, 

Oersted, 
Jacobi. 



Immigration into < 

U. S., from Asia io ou im^ 
as to require special Legis 
kti on— April. 



.„ California, 
ii Asia is so_ large 



Extensive fires in the Antilles, 
March 2; California, U. 8., 
June 17 and Nov. 2 (nearly 
destroying two cities ;) 
Canada, (at Montreal) July 
& 



United States. 



1851. Principal room of the 
library of Congress destroy- 
ed by fire, together with 
paintings, statuary, models, 
and about 35,000 volumes 
of books, Dec. 24. 

By joint resolution, the 
Governor of Georgia is 
authorised and requested to 
withdraw the block of mar- 
ble contributed to theWash- 
ington monument by the 
resolution of the General 
Assembly of Febr'y, 1850, 
with the inscription. "The 
Constitution as it is; the 
Union as it was," and to 
cause another to be pre- 
pared of Georgia marble, 
with the State arms thereon, 
and to be sent to the monu- 
ment, Dec. 31. 

Immigration, June 1, 
1 35 I, to Dec. 31, 1S51, 
558,000. 

1S52. Deputations from the 
various States, in behalf of 
the Irish exiles, wait upon 
President Filmore — Jan. 28. 

The Ohio State House 
entirely consumed by fire. 
Some of the papers saved, 
but a large mass of docu- 
ments destroyed— Feb. 1. 

Seiior Laborde, the 
Spanish Consul at New 
Orleans at the time of the 
Cuban riots, and who fled 
the city from fear of vio- 
lence, arrives at New Or- 
leans, is sal ited, and re- 
sumes his duties as consul— 
Feb. 9. 

Gold Medal ptesented 
to Henry Clavbv citizens of 
New York. Feb. 1". 

Memorial presented to 
House of Representatives 
of California, from 1,218 cit- 
izens of South Carolina and 
Florida, asking permission 
"to colonize a rural district 
with a population of not 
less than 2,000 slaves ." Feb. 
10. 

Homoeopathic College 
at Cleveland, Ohio, mobbed 
and interior destroyed, in 
consequence of remains of 
subjects, taken from the 
burial-ground, being dis- 
covered near the College. 
Feb. 16. 



Great Britain. 



1852. Lord Granviue, by his 
note to the American mi- 
nister, in relation to the 
firing into the American 
steamer Prometheus by the 
British man-of-war Ex- 
press, states to Mr. Law- 
rence, for the information 
of his government, that 
her majesty's government 
entirely disavow the act, 
and has no hesitation in 
offering ample apology for 
that which they consider 
to have been an infraction 
of treaty engagements. Jan. 
10. 



Dr. Rae returns unsuc- 
cessful from his search for 
Sir John Franklin, down 
the McKenzie river, and 
from its mouth eastward, 
500 miles. Tie was sent out 
in the sp:Iigofl851 by t: a 
Hudson's Bay C>mp»hy, 
Feb. 



1852 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



b • 



ism 



1S52 



Feance. 



President Bonaparte orders 
the confiscation of the Or- 
leans property, Jan. 22. 



Acstkia, etc. 



1852. The Empe- 
ror of Russia 
visits the Em- 
peror of Aus- 
tria at Vienna, 
May 8. 



The Woeld, elsewhere. 



1851. China: — Imperial court serlousiy 
alarmed at the progress of the disturb- 
ance in the Southern provinces. June. 
A large portion of the Chinese part ol 
Hong Kong destroyed by ilre: from 470 
to 500 houses destroyed, including all 
the printing offices and the finest edi- 
fices and public buildings. Many Uvea 
lost. Dec. 26-28. 



1S52. Argentine Confederation : — General 
Urquiza, Commander of the liberating 
army, completes the passage of the 
Parana with 28.000 men, 50,000 horse, 
and 50 pieces of artillery, and prepares 
to approach Buenos Ayres, Jan. 8. Bat- 
tle of Santos Lugares, (10 miles from 
Buenos Ayres,) between Urquiza with 
30,000 men and 50 cannon, and the troop* 
of Rosas, 25,000 men and 90 cannon ; re- 
sults in the total defeat of Rosas anil his 
flight to England. During the night, the 
city is saved from pillage by detach- 
ments from the various ships of war of 
all nations in the harbor, Feb. 3. Tl e 
allied army enters Buenos Ayres Feb. 18. 

— Urquiza, Director of the Argentine 
Confederation, deposed, Sept. 10. 

—The Chamber of Representatives 
of Buenos Ayres declares the rivet 
Parana open to the navigation of all na- 
tions, Oct. 13. 

Belgium:— Formation of a new mi- 
nistry at Brussels, of the moderate party 
under M. de Brouckere, Nov. 1. The 
law against the liberty of the press is 
adopted in the Chamber of Representa- 
tives, Dec. 1. 

Cuba: — The police of Havana disco- 
ver and capture the press of the paper, 
"The Voice of the People," with the 
materials and forms for the fourth num- 
ber. The proprietors and employes are 
arrested. Aug. 23. The barque Cornelia, 
having cleared at Havana, is brought to 
and hoarded at the mouth of the harbor. 
and the mail-bags rifled, Sept. 23. A few 
davs after, the United States mail steam- 
ship Crescent Cityis refused permission 
to land her passengers and mails at Ha- 
vana, and ordered to quit the port— 
Captain-General Caiiedo objecting to the 
purser of the vessel, Mr. Smith, alleged 
to be the reporter of false news to the 
New York papers. On Oct. 14, th 
cent City asrain enters Havana harbor, 
with Mr.Smith as purser. Gov. ('a ied« 
refuses to allow passengers or mails to be 
landed, and forbids all intercourse be- 
tween the ship and shore. The Captain 
Erotests to the American Consul, anrf 
raves the harbor. 



152 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1852 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



Great floods in the United 
States, March, April, Sept., 
and Dec. ; in England, Nov. 
and Dec; on the conti- 
nent of Europe, Sept 



Telegraphs across the Enj 
lish Channel. 



Earthquakes in Cuba Ausust 
2 and Nov. 26; in Manilla 
and adjacent parts, Sept. 16, 
Oct. 18; at Acapulco, Dec. 
4; in the Eastern Archipe- 
lago, Nov. 27 and Dec. 21. 

At Stafford House, in London, 
some English ladies, headed 
by the Duchess of Suther- 
land, adopt an address to 
the women of America on 
the subject of negro slavery. 
It subsequently receives 
576,000 signatures. Nov. 
26. 



Pwiishment of Death re- 
stored in Tuscany. 



Fall in England of the protec- 
tionist ministry of Lord 
Derby and Mr. Disraeli, 
after an existence of nine 
months— Dec. 20. 



Deaths in 1S52. 
U. S. Europe. 



H. Clay, 
S. Nott, 
M. Stuart, 
D. Drake, 
J. II. Paint, 
ILGreenough, 
Amos Law- 
rence, 
Milled oler, 
J. Vnnderlyn, 
D: Webster, 
J.L. Kingsley, 
J. P. Norton. 



Thos. Moore, 
Schwartzen- 

berg, 
Pradier, 
Wellington, 
Dr. Mantell, 
D'Orsay, 
Lee. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1S52. Southern Eights conven- 
tion at Montgomery, Ala., 
passes resolutions against 
making resistance to the 
compromise measures 
issue of their party, and 
against intervention, March 
5. 

Riot during election at 
St. Louis, April 5. 

First national agricultu- 
ral convention assembles at 
Washington, D. C, consist- 
ing of 151 members, repre- 
senting 22 States, and the 
District of Columbia, orga- 
nised by the choice of 
Marshal P. Wilder, oi Mass., 
president. June 24. 

Convention for revising 
the Constitution of Louisi- 
ana, duly 5. 

Kossuth continues to bo 
feted in different cities, and 
finally quits the country 
under the name of Alexan- 
der Smith. July 16. 

Henry Clay dies, June 
29. Obsequies celebrated 
at New York with great 
pomp ami magnificence, 
July 20. 

Great Britain insists upon the convention of ISIS, re- 
specting North American fisheries, being carried out by 
the United States, and sends armed vessels to the coast 
of New Brunswick, etc. The United States government 
dispatches the war steamer Mississippi, with Commodore 
Perry on bi»ard, to the disputed fishing grounds; some 
sixty fishing vessels are bo&rded, and furnished with in- 
formation and advice. July — Aug. 

Commodore McCauley. 
commander of the United 
States naval forces in the 
Pacific, by proclamation, 
withdraws his protection 
from American vessels pro- 
ceeding to the Lobos Is- 
lands for guano, Oct. IS. 
This difficulty with Peru 
settled by the withdrawal 
of American pretensions, 
Nov. 15. 



1852. Submarine telegraph 
wires coated with gutta 
percha, laid across St 
George's Channel from Ho- 
lyhead, a distance of eighty 
miles, completing the com- 
munication between Lon- 
don and Dublin. June 1. 



Queen Victoria issues 
her proclamation against 
•• Roman Catholic ecclesias- 
tics' wearing the habit of 
their order, exercising tho 
rites and ceremonies of tne 
Roman Catholic religion in 
highways and places ot 
public rescrt." June 15. 



Daniel Webster dies, 
Oct. 24. Funeral solemni- 
ties celebrated at Boston 
with much state, Nov. 15. 

The United States de- 
clines the tri-partite con- 
vention respecting Cuba 
proposed by England and 
France, Dec. 1. 

Immigration, 375,000. 



Duke of Wellington dloa, 
Sept. 14. His funeral obse- 
quies take place in London 
with great pomp, Nov. 18. 



Fall of the Protectionist 
mini-try of Lord Derby and 
Mr. D'Israeli, after an exist- 
ence of nine months, Dec. 
20. 



By a decree of the Go- 
vernor General of British 
India, tbo province of Pe 
gu is ann »i <*d to the British 
dominion**, Dec. 20. 



1852 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



53 



France. 



Austria, etc. 



President Bonaparte com- 
mences his tour through 

Southern France, Sept. 16. 
Visits the Chateau D'Am- 
boise, and releases Abd-el- 
Kader, who had been a 
prisoner for five years, Oct. 
10. Returns to Pari?, ma- 
king a pompous entry into 
the city, Oct. 16. 



A decree of the President 
convokes the Senate for 
Nov. 4, for the purpose of 
deliberating on the restora- 
tion of the empire. Oct. 19. 



The Senate decrcos the re 
establishment of the em 
pire, subject to the ratiflca 
tion of the people, Nov. 7. 
The vote is taken through- 
out France and Algeria. 
Nov. 21 and 22; result— 
7,S24.1S9 in favor of reestab- 
lishing the empire, against 
253,145 negative, and 63,326 
void ballots. 



The Senate goes in a body to 
St. Cloud, to announce offi- 
cially the result of the elec- 
tion to Louis Napoleon, and 
hail him Emperor, Dec. 1. 

At the Hotel de Ville, in Paris, 
Louis Napoleon is publicly 
proclaimed Emperor of 
the Fkencii, under the 
name of Napoleon III, 
Dec. 2. 



Tue World, elsewhere. 



1852. Greece: — Signing of a convention in 
London by the five powers, England, 
France, Prussia, Bavaria and Greece, in 
reference to the affairs of Greece. None 
but a prince of the Greek religion is 
hereafter to ascend the throne of Greece. 
Nov. IS. 

Hawaii :— Eruption of Mauna Loo; 
lasts several weeks. Feb. 

India:- The Burmese evacuate and 
burn Prome, Sept. 10. The British un- 
der Godwin take it with a loss of 38 men, 
Nov. 21. 

Italy : — The Grand Duke of Tuscany, 
refuses to give audience to an English 
Protestant deputation in favor of Rosa 
and Francisco Madiai, Oct. 25. 

— The punishment of death is rees- 
tablished in Tuscany, for treason, crimes 
against religion, murder, and robbery 
with violence, Nov. 10. 

— The Pope addresses a letter to thfi 
King of Sardinia, strongly adverse ti' 
the bill under consideration in the Pied 
montese parliament, permitting mar 
riages without religious ceremonies: it, 
is consequently withdrawn by the mi 
nistry, Dec. 20. 

—At Rome, Bishop Ives, of Nortt* 
Carolina, U. S-, formerly an Episeopa 
Man, is received into the Catholic 
Church by the Pope, Dec. 26. 

Liberia :— President Roberts attacks 
and gains possession of the native chief 
Boyer's principal town, Jan 15. 
A treaty of pea^e between the courts of Vienna and 
Rome is ratified, stipulating that the former shall main- 
tain in the territories of the Pope, 12,000 infantry and 
1,400 cavalry, for whom $18,ouO monthly are to be paid 
by tho Papal government. Nov. 10. 

Mexico : — Carvajal attacks Camargo 
and is defeated, Feb. 21. 

The French Count Boulban de Ra 
ousset, who led an enterprise upon So- 
nora, is defeated at Hermosillo, and his 
expedition completely overthrown, Nov. 
1. 

Spain: — A priest, aged 63, attacks 
with a dagger, and wounds the Queen 
of Spain, on her return from celebrating 
at the cathedral a Te Deum for the 
birth of her child, Feb. 2. He is tried, 
convicted, degraded from his priestly 
office, and suffers death from the gai te, 
7th. 

—Ninety-five Americans belonging 
to the Lopez expedition, who had been 
sent to Spain, arrive at New York, 
March 13, having been liberated by the 
Queen. 

—The Cortes dissolved by royal de- 
cree, for having elected De la Rosa, th« 
anti-ministerial candidate their presi- 
dent, Dec. 2. 



1S52. TheEmpe 
ror of Austria 
visits the King 
of Prussia at 
Berlin, Dec. 17. 



Prussia :— 
The bill for bi 
ennial parlia 
men ts becomes 
a law, Dec. 23. 



154 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



I8<;2 A.D.- 



1853 



The first Norwegian railway 
opone^ July 4. 



Firmans accorded to all sub- 
jects of the Porte (not Mus- 
sulmans) confirming their 
religious rights, June 22. 



United States. 



The American expedition un 
der Com. Perry arrives at 
Japan, July S. On the 14th 
he lands and delivers to the 
Imperial commissioners the 
letter from the American 
President ; a few days after 
leaves the island, to return 
in the spring. 



Over 60,000 pilgrims enter 
Aix-la-Chapelle, to visit the 
exhibition of the relics, Ju 
lyl7. 



1S53. Caloric ship Eiicsson 
makes her trial trip to the 
Potomac, Jan. 11. 



Adverse decision of Na- 
poleon, arbiter between the 
United States and Portugal, 
in case of the General Arm- 
strong, read at Washington. 
Jan. 17. 



Franklin Pierce and 
William K. King declared 
duly elected President and 
Vice-President for four 
years from 4th March next, 
Feb. 9. 



W. R. King sworn in as 
Vice-President, at Cumbre, 
Island of Cuba, Consul 
Sharkey administering the 
oath, March 24. 



Second American Arctic 
expedition leaves New 
York, May 31. 



Important amendments 
to the city charter of New 
York, restraining the power 
of municipal officers in 
money matters, adopted by 
a vote of 36,672 in favor, 
8,351 against, June 7. 



Crystal Palace at New 
York opened in presonce of 
the President of the United 
States, etc., July 14. 



Or.iiAT Britain. 



1S53. Mr. Ingersol, American 
envoy, feted at Liverpool 
and Manchester, Jan. 4-7. 



Sandilli and other Caffra 
chiefs send in their submis- 
sion to General Cathcart, 
thereby closing the war, 
Feb. 10. Peace concluded, 
March 9. 



Doncaster church, built 
in 1070, destroyed by fire, 
Feb. 23. 



Warlike stores, supposed 
to be for Kossuth, seized, 
April 14. 



Mrs. II. B. Stowe, au- 
thoress of " Uncle Tom'a 
Cabin," received at Stafford 
House by many of the no- 
bility and statesmen of 
England, May 7. 



Dublin Industrial Exhi 
bition opened, May 12. 



The "strike" at Stock 
port ceases, and 20,000 men 
resume labor, having ac- 
complished their object, an 
advance of ten per cent, in 
their wages, August 8. Si- 
milar strikes occur at Leeds, 
Kidderminster, and othe; 
citios 



853 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



155 



IMS 



Fkahce. 



The Pantheon at Paris re 
opened as the Church of 
St. Genevieve, Jan. 3. 

Russia, Austria, and Prussia, 
at last acknowledge Napo- 
leon III. Emperor of the 
French, Jan. 11. 

Marriage of the Emperor and 
Eugenie de Montijo, Count- 
ess de Telia, celebrated at 
Cathedral of Notre Dame, 
Paris. Amnesty granted 
to 4,312 political prisoners 
and exiles, Jan. 30. 

■General St. Priest, and many 
other legitimists, secretl}' 
arrested in Paris, on the 
charge of political commu- 
nication with the Count of 
Chambord, and some of 
having sent false intelli- 
gence to foreign journals, 
Feb. 5. 

Application is made by the 
French government to the 
English for Napoleon's 
will, Feb. 17. Subsequent- 
ly granted. 



Kunerai •>! Mme. Ras^ail at 
Paris, ci. e occasion of a 
formb'abie socialist demon- 
stration 40,000 persons 
marc!) in procession to Pere 
la Jbsise, March 13. 

\t\eel *en „ to Turkish waters, 
March 20 

A peace f Idress, signed by 
4,000 k .'iglish merchants 
bankers and traders, is pre- 
sented to Napoleon III. at 
tb.9 luilleries, by Engli 
me- ' -r-ih 23. 



A bid testoring capital pun 
ishment for attempts on the 
lifc of the Emperor, or to 
subvert the Imperial go 
vernment, is passed, May 



1853. Austria of- 
fers herself as 
a mediator be- 
tween the 
Turks and 
Montenegrins, 
Feb. 1. 



Attempt on 
the. life of Em- 
peror of Aus- 
tria at the ram- 
parts of Vien- 
na, Feb. IS. 



B a den:— 
Prof. Gervinns 
tried for high 
treason, in pub- 
lishing his "In- 
troduction to 
the History of 
19th century." 
Sentence, ten 
months 1 im- 
prisonment, 
and book to be 
destroyed, 
March 5. 



Prussia: — 
Democratic 
conspiracy dis- 
covered at Ber- 
lin, March 29. 



Austria re- 
cals her mi /lis- 
ter from Berne, 
May 20. 



Tub World, elsewhere. 



1S52. Switzerland :— The Canton of Ticino 
suppresses the order of Capuch'n monks 
and expels all of that order under 65 
years of age, Nov. 25. 

Turkey :— War breaks out between 
the Turks and Montenegrins, Dec. 15. 

1853. Belgium: — A maritime congress as- 
sembles at Brussels, Aug. 23. 

— Marriage of the Duke of Brabant, 
heir-apparent of the throne, and th< 
Arch-Duchess Maria, Aug. 23. 

Canada and New Brunswick : — Ga- 
vazzi lectures at Quebec and Montreal ; 
riots ensue; military called out: Juno 
6-9. 

— The first sod of the European and 
North American Railroad turned at St. 
Johns, by Lady Head, assisted by the 
Lieutenant-Governor, in presence of 
25,000 persons, Sept. 14. 

China:— Nankin taken by the rebels; 
Tartar garrison (20,000) massacred; 
Match 19. Amoy captured, May 19. 

Denmark :— Parliament prorogued, 
and a "fundamental" law issued, by 
which the government becomes hereaf- 
ter an absolute one, July 19. 

Hawaii :— Small-pox rages, having 
carried off since May 1,805 out of a po- 
pulation of 60,0ml persons, Aug. 31. 

Holland:— The first chamber adopts 
the much-disputed law on religious li- 
berty, Sept. S. 

India:— Battle of Donabew, in Bur- 
mah: Sir J. Cheape defeats Mea Toon, 
March 19. 

Italy: — An insurrection breaks out 
at Milan, but is vigorously suppressed 
by Radetsky, Feb. 6. The property of 
the Loin bardo- Venetian refugees seques- 
tered till they can prove they are not 
implicated in this outbreak, and 10,000 
Ticinese expelled from Austrian Italy, 
..Feb. '20. Protracted diplomatic contro- 
versies between Austria and both Sar- 
dinia and Switzerland, follow— Sardinia 
solemnly protesting. April 16. 

— The Pope prohibits the circulation 
of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" in his domini- 
ons, May 10. 

Guerazzi tried at Florence for high 
treason, and found guilty, June 11. 

Conspiracy in Rome, 146 arrests, 
Aug. 15. 

—Order signed for Immediate release 
of Miss Cunningham at Lucca, Oct. 9. 

—New church, built for the Wal- 
denses, opened and consecrated at Turin, 
Dec. 15. 

Mexico: — Now revolution; Ailsta 
resigns the presidency, Jan. 5. 

—Santa Anna having been elected 
President, is received in Mexico witb 
great enthuriasm, April 17 



1 5 6 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1853 A.D. 



1858 



Pbo«be88 of Society, etc. 



A great national horse-show 
at Springfield, Mass., U. S., 
Oct 19-21. 



The first Presbyterian Chinese 
church organized at San 
Francisco, U. S., Nov. 6. 



Duel between Soule and 
De Turgot, American and 
French ministers to Spain, 
Dec 18. 



Cholera prevails in Europe. 



Several new asteroids discov- 
ered, raising the number to 
27, between the planets 
Mars aid Jupiter. 



Deaths in 1858 : 


U.S. 


Europe 


G. S. Adams, 


Arago, 


Junius Smith, 


Von Buch, 


W. R. King, 


D acres, 


B. Bates, 


Mrs. Ople, 


Sim. Oreen 




leaf. 


Wardlavr. 



1853. Great heat throughout 
the country — thermometer 
every where 100° Fah 
Deaths from it in New 
York city in four days, 400, 
Aug. 11-14. 



Remaining portion of 
"Table Rock," at the Falls 
of Niagara, breaks off, Sept 
9. 



"Great Republic," ves- 
sel of 4,000 tuns, largest 
merchantman in the world, 
launched at East Boston 
Mass., Oct. 4. 



Captain Gunnison and 
party massacred by the 
Indians in Utah, Oct. 26. 



Inauguration of the 
Washington aqueduct 
President Pierce turns the 
first turf, Nov. 9. 



A mob of men and wo- 
men demolish the railroad 
track near Erie, Penn., Dec. 
9, and repeat the outrage. 
Dec. 27. 



Yellow fever epidemic 
in the States bordering on 
Gulf of Mexico, carries off 
from 12,000 to 15,000 per 
sons. 



Bedini, the Papal Nun- 
cio, tries to influence the 
RomanCatholic laity to give 
up their church property to 
the Bishops, but does not 
succeed. lie quits the 
country ignominiously. 



Immigration, 368,000. 



Great Britain. 



1S53. Naval Review at Spit- 
head, in presence of the 
Queeu, Aug. 11. 



Queen Victoria viaiti 
Ireland, Aug. 29. 



Deputation from the 
Protestant Alliance, headed 
by the Earl of Shaftesbury, 
waits upon Lord Clarendon, 
to state the case of Miss 
Cunningham, arrested at 
Lucca for distributing Ita- 
lian Bibles, etc., and to 
urge the government to 
procure her immediate li- 
beration, Sept. 28. A depu 
tation of clergymen anf 
others, beaded by Sir Cul 
ling Eardley, wait upoi 
Lord Clarendon and than/., 
him ar.d the government 
for the exertions which ha 
been made, Oct. 27. 



Bronze statue of Sir R »■ 
bcrt Peel erected in fro «< 
of the Royal Infirmary .4 
Manchester, Oct. 3. 



Captain Inglefleld, of the 
Phoenix, arrives from the 
Arctic regions, with the 
news of the discovery of 
the North-west Passage, on 
Oct. 26, 1850, by Captain 
McClure of the Investiga- 
tor, Oct. 7. 



The first stone of a Ro- 
man Catholic cathedral 
laid at Shrewsbury, by 
Bishop Brown— the young 
Earl of Shrewsbury giving 
£15,000 towards its erection 
—Dec. 12. 



The Dublin Exhibition 
building is formally opened 
as a winter garden, by the 
Lord Lieutenant and the 
Countess St. Germain* 
Dec 15. 



1855A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



157 



1853 



France. 



Plot to assassinate the Empe- 
ror, while on his way to the 
Opera Comique, discovered 
at Paris, July 7. 



A Roman circus of great size 
discovered at Tours, Aug, 
81. 



The Duke de Nemours, 
behalf of the entire Orleans 
House, effects a recon cilia 
tion with the Count de 
Chambord, Nov. 17. 



Austria, etc. 



Inauguration of the statue of 
Marshal Ney, on the spot 
where he was shot, and the 
anniversary of his execu 
tion, Dec. 7. 



The World, elsewhere. 



1S53. Persia:— Earthquakes destroy Sbt 
raz, (12,000 lives lost,) May 9 ; and Tehe- 
ran, July 11. 



1853, AnAustrian 
war vessel in 
the port of 
Smyrna, seizes 
and attempts 
to carry off 
Martin Koszta, 
a Hungarian 
refugee, travel- 
ing under an 
American pass- 
port, who 
claims protec- 
tion of Ameri- 
can flag. An 
American fri- 
gate places the 
Austrian un- 
der her guns, 
and Koszta's 
release is impe- 
ratively de- 
manded, June 
21. 

Austrian go- 
vernment pro 
tests against 
proceedings of 
Captain In gra- 
ham at Smyr- 
na, in a circu 
lar addressed 
to the Europe- 
an courts, Aug. 
1, and through 
its envoy ad- 
dresses a note 
to the Ameri- 
can govern- 
ment on the 
same subject, 
Aug. 29. ' 

Eastern Affairs.— War between Turkey and 
Russia —Prince Menschikoff sent by the Emperor of Rus- 
sia with demands which are rejected by the Porte, May 21, 
June 15. The Russians cross the Pruth, 120,000 strong, 
June 21-28 —The Porte addresses a protest to the Russian 
cabinet against the occupation of the Principalities, July 
14 The" Conference of Vienna draw up the celebrated 
"Vienna note," for the joint acceptance of Russia and 
Turkey, July 26. Russia at once accepts; Turkey re- 
quires modifications. Aug. 20; which Russia will not ac- 
cede to Sept. 14. Military congress at Olmutz, Sept, 20. 
The note is dropped, Sept. 30. Turkey declares war 
aeainst Russia, Oct. 3. Hostilities commenced on the 
Danube, Oct. 30. Turks capture Fort St. Nicholas in the 
Black Sea, Oct. 31. Turks defeat Russians at Oltenitza, 
Nov. 4 Russia declares war against Turkey, Nov. 11. 
The Anglo-French fleet enters the Dardanelles, Oct. 4, 
and the'Bosphorus, Nov. 15. Turks beaten and massa- 
cred at Sinope by Russians, Nov. 30. The Vienna Con- 
ference continues its efforts to effect an arrangement be- 
tween the belligerents, Dec. Decided manifestation of 
the people of Constantinople in favor of war, Dec. 21. 
Russians uniformly victorious in Asia. The religious fana- 
ticism of both parties is aroused. 



Peru: — Difficulty at Chincba Islands 
between Peruvian commandant and 
American shipmasters, Aug. 17. 



Portugal :— Maria (Queen) dies, Nov. 



Spain: — New and stringent law 
against liberty of the press published, 
Jan. 2. Queen Isabella, in commemo- 
ration of her birth-day, orders three 
screw-frigates to be constructed, to be 
called after the three queens from whom 
she derives the crowns of Castile, Arra- 
gon, and Navarre, Oct. 10. 



Switzerland:— Insurrection in Fri- 
burg by the Jesuit party speedily sup- 
pressed, April 22. 



Venezuela :— Earthquake at Cumana ; 
600 persons killed, July 15. 



i 5 8 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1854 A.D. 



1864 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Deputation of " Friends* 1 pre 
sents to the Emperor of 
Russia a peace memorial 
Feb. 10. 



Complete equality before the 
law secured to all subjects 
of the Porte, without dis 
tinction of creed, by treaty 
March 12. 



Commercial treaty concluded 
between the United States 
and Japan, March 23. 



In Turkey, the possessions of 
the Mosques to bo declared 
the property of the State 
from March 27. 



The first railway is opened 
in Brazil, the Emperor and 
Empress being present at 
the inauguration, April T " 



Tbo changes introduced in the 
Ottoman Empire by the in- 
fluence of the Allied Pow- 
ers, amount to a revolution 
in its social condition. 



Marked increase in the num- 
bers and prosperity of 
Christians in Turkey ; Mo- 
hammedan population, ex- 
cept in Bosnia, rapidly dy- 
ing out 



Cross raised in a Catholic 
burying ground belonging 
to the French, in Turkey. 



1S54. The steamer San Fran 
cisco founders at sea; 24U 
U. S. troops washed over 
board ; the rest of 700 res- 
cued by the Three Bells, 
Kilby, and Antarctic. Jan. 
5. 



Astor Library opened 
for use of the public, in New 
York city, Jan. 9. 



Outrages on the railroad 
near Erie, Pa., renewed by 
mobs of women, Jan. 17, 31. 



Skirmishes between U. 
S. troops and Apache and 
Utah Indians, March 5, 80. 



Certain sections of the 
"Maine Liquor Law" deci- 
ded to be unconstitutional 
in .Massachusetts, March 13. 



Miss Dix's bill for ame- 
liorating the condition of 
the indigent insane, vetoed, 
April 20. 



Great flood in the Con- 
necticut river, hundreds 
driven from their dwel- 
lings, May 1. 



Mass meetings at Bos- 
ton, Feb. 23 ; New Market, 
N. II., Feb. 27; New York, 
May 13, against the Ne- 
braska bill, which, how- 
ever, becomes a law, May 



"Riots in Michigan, April 
17 ; at Boston, (attempt to 
rescue a fugitive slave.) 
May 26 ; at New York and 
Brooklyn, (papist interfe- 
rence with street-preach- 
ing,) May 28, June 4, 11. 



San Juan, Nicaragua, 
bombarded and burnt by 
the U. S. sloop-of-war, Cy- 
an e, July 13. 



Great Britain. 



1S54. Parliament opened by 
Queen, who expresses a de- 
sire that exertions for an 
amicable settlement of tha 
Eastern difficulties shouli 
be persevered in, Jan, 81. 



The Queen reviews tha 
fleet on its departure for 
the Baltic, March 11. 



A day of humiliation 
and prayer observed, April 
26. 



Launch of the "Royal 
Albert," the Queen chris- 
tening the vessel, May 18. 



Crystal Palace at Sy- 
denham opened by tM 
Queen, June 10. 



i854 A - D - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



159 



1B54 



FSANOB. 



The Emperor and Empress 
attend the first agricultural 
exhibition ever held in Pa- 
ris, June 9. 



The Emperor reviews a di> 
vision of troops about to 
proceed to the Baltic, July 



Austria, etc. 



The "Vorld, elsewhere. 



1854. Alliance, 
offensive and 
defensive, be- 
tween Austria 
and Prussia, 
signed April 



1S54. Brazil :— San Salvador destroyed by 
an earthquake, causing a loss, in less 
than one minute, of 200 lives, and 
$4,000,000 of property, April 16. 

Canada: — Parliament House at Que- 
bec burnt, including government library 
and philosophical apparatus, Feb. 1. 

India:— The Ganges Canal, & work 
of vast magnitude opened, April 8. 

— Day of humiliation and prayer for 
success of the British arms, observed at 
Bombay and all over India, by the na- 
tives, as well as the Europeans, July 16. 

Italy:— Shocks of earthquake in the 
country between Florence and Rome, 
May. 

—Railway from Lusa to Turin inau- 
gurated in presence of King and Queen 
of Sardinia, etc., May 22. 

Mexico :— Battle of Guyamas, be 
tween some Frenchmen under Count 
Raousset de Boulbon and the Mexicans, 
July 13. The Count is defeated, taken 
prisoner, and, Aug. 12, shot. 

Russia:— An imperial ukase calls out 
nine men in 1,000 souls in eastern por 
tion of the Empire, May 9. 

Spain :— Earthquake at Fiana, crum- 
bling down the greatest part of the Al- 
cazaba, an ancient castle of the Moors, 
and causing large chasms in nearly all 
the streets, "Jan."43. 

—Strike at Barcelona; 15,000 arti- 
lans demand of the municipal authorities 
that the price of provisions be reduced, 
and wages increased, March 31. 

— The insurrection of the people 
at Madrid (July 17) triumphs, and the 
Rivas ministry resign, July 19. Espar- 
tero enters the city, and* is received 
with great enthusiasm, July 29. 3,00f 
defenders of the barricades defile before 
the Queen's palace, her Majesty present- 
ing herself on the balcony, July 31. 

— Dona Maria Christina, the Qneen 
Mother, leaves Madrid lor Portugal, un- 
der escort of troops, but against the will 
of the people. She was indebted to the 
State 71,000,000 reals, Aug. 2S. 

Turkey:— Fire at Constantinople, 
400 houses destroyed, Jan. 1. 

—Fire at Salonica, destroys 600 build- 
ings, April 8. 

— Banquet sriven by the Sultan to 
Prince Napoleon, May 8. 

—Fire at Varna, destroys ISO houses 
and vast quantities of military stores, 
Aug. 10. 



i6o 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1854 A.D.- 



1854 



Progress of Society, etc. 



The Sultan issues a firman for 
the construction ofachurch 
at Scutari, Sept. 



Deaths in 1S54. 



U.S. 

N. B. Blunt, 
Jacob Bur- 
nett, 
John Davis, 
Com. Dmones, 
J, Harring- 
ton, last sur- 
vivor of bat- 
tle of Lex- 
ington. 
Mrs. E. Jud- 

son. 
Bishop Wain- 
wright. 



1855 



I ECROPK. 

Anglesea, 
Bodisco, 
Cockburn, 
Forbes, 
Jameson, 
Maitland, 
Melloni, 
Montgomery, 
Paixlians, 
Pellico, 
Plunkett, 
Rubini, 
Schelling, 
Mine. Sontag, 
Mrs. C.South- 
67, 

Talfourd, 
Wilson, 
St. Arnaud, 
Denman, 
Lockhart. 



Immaculate Conception of 
the Virgin" proclaimed as a 
dogma by the pope, Dec. 8. 



1855. Panama railroad com- 
pleted, first train on it Jan. 
28. 

Financial panic in California, 
Feb. 

Suspension Bridge at Niaga- 
ra first crossed, March 14. 

Difficulty in Phila. about 
slaves of J. II. Wheeler of 
N. Carolina, July 18. 

Election riot at Louisville 
Ky., between Americans 
and foreigners, Aug. 6. 



Passmore Williamson re 
leased from jail (where he 
had been three months in 
the Wheoler slave case), 
Nov. 8. 



United States. 



1S54. Grisi and Mario, the two 
most renowned lyric ar- 
tists of the old world, arrive 
at New York, Aug. 19. 



Extensive drought pre- 
vails several weeks. 



Cholera prevails, June- 
Nov. ; yellow fever prevails, 
Aug. -Nov. 



Immigration, about 500,000. 



"Ostend Conference" be- 
tween Buchanan, Mason, 
Soule, Oct. 10, 11. 



1855. Southern Commercial 
Convention at New Orleans, 
Jan. 8. 

Soule quits Madrid Jan. 
81. 

U. 8. S. "Water witch fired 
on, on the Paraguay, Feb. 1. 

U. S. Dist. Court in Wis 
consin pronounces the Fu 
gitive Slave Law unconsti- 
tutional, Feb. 3. 

Convention at Lawrence, 
Kansas, Aug. 14. 

Walker (filibuster) takes 
possession of Granada, Oct. 
16. 

Kansas : Convention at 
Topeka, Oct 28. 



Great Britaet. 



Law passed for the en- 
listment of foreiencrs in the 
British service, Dec. 22. 



1S55. Visit of the Emperor 
and Empress of France, 
April 16. 

Death of Lord Raglan, 
Commander-in-chief at Se- 
bastopol, June 28. 

The Queen and Prince 
Albert visit the Emperoi 
Louis Napoleon at Paris. 
Aug. 18. 



1855 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



161 



Fbanob. 



Austria, etc. 



Tue World, elsewhere. 



1854. Venezuela :— Slaves emancipated, 
April 25. 



1866. Subscriptions to the 
French loan of 500 millions 
of francs amount to 2,000 
millions of francs, offered 
by 171,000 persons. 

Death of Don Carlos, 
claimant of the Spanish 
throne, March 10. 

Indust'l Exhibition open 
ed at Paris, May 15. 



1854. Saxony :- 
The King 
thrown from 
his carriage at 
Innspruck, and 
killed, Aug. 10. 

Eastern Affairs.— The Anglo-French fleet enters 
the Black Sea, Jan. 4 Turks defeat Russians at Citate, 
Jan. 6. Negotiations for peace continue through the Vi- 
enna Conference, Jan. Russian ambassadors quit Lon- 
don, Feb. 6, Paris, Feb, 7. English and French ambassa- 
dors dismissed St. Petersburg, Feb. 16. England and 
France resolve to summon Russia to evacuate the Prin- 
cipalities by the 30th April, Feb. 28. Russians cross the 
Danube, March. Treaty of alliance concluded between 
England, France, and the Porte, March 12. Anglo-French 
ultimatum forwarded to St. Petersburg. Russia refuses 
a reply. Enuland and France declare war against Russia, 
March 2S. Counter declaration of war by Russia against 
England and France, April 12. Convention between 
England and France, April 18. Odessa bombarded. April 
22. Anglo-French fleet scours the Baltic, May, June. 
Austro-Turkish Convention, June 4. Russians raise the 
siege of Silistria, June 23, and re-cross the Danube, July 
7. Russians defeated by Turks at Rutschuk, July 12 and 
18. Are compelled to evacuate the Principalities and re- 
cross the Pruth, Aug. 16. Bomarsund capitulates to the 
Allied fleet and French army, Aug. 16. Austrian armies 
enter the Principalities, Aug. 20. Allies land in the Cri- 
mea, Sept. 14. Defeat the Russians at the Alma, Sept. 
20. Commence the siege of Sebastopol, Sept. 28. Fira 
opened, Oct. 17. Battle of Balaklava, Russians repulsed, 
Oct. 25. Battle of Inkermann, Russians again repulsed, 
Nov. 5. Siege of Sebastopol progresses, Dec. 31. 

1855. Russia : Death of the Emperor Nicholas I., March 2. 

—The allies take possession of Kertch and the Sea of 
Azoph, May 24. 

— The allies repulsed In an assault on the outposts of 
Sebastopol, June 18. 

— Kars investod by the Russians, June 23. 



FALL OF SEBASTOPOL— 
The Malakhoff carried by the 
French, Sep. 8. 

Terrific attack of the Rus- 
sians on Kars repulsed, Sep. 20. 



Mexico: Santa Anna 
abdicates. Aug. 9. Car- 
rara chosen tc s uooeed 
him. 



1 62 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1855 A.D.- 



Pbogbebs of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



1855 



Deaths in 1855: 



U.S. 

S. H. Cone, 

Abbott Law- 
rence, 

Jsrtin 0. Spen- 
cer, 

T. E. Beck. 



Er/EOPE. 

Sir H. Bishop, 
Silk Bucking- 
ham, 
Jos. Hume, 
Miss Mitford, 
Nicholas I. 
"CurrerBelL" 
SirW.KPar 

ry. 
Lord Eaglan, 
Saml. Rogers, 
Ans. Roths 

child, 
Lord Truro. 



Launch of the stm. Adriatic 
(the largest yet afloat) at 
N. Y., April 7. 



1855. Proclamation against fllibus- 
terism by President Pierce, Dec. 



British Arctic vessel Resolute 
found and brought to New London 
by an American whaler, Dec. 23. 



1656 



Personal Assault on Senator 
Sumner of Mass., in the U 
S. Senate by Brooks of S 
Ca., May 22. 



Submarine Telegraph cable 
laid from Cape Breton to 
Newfoundland. July 12. 



Burlinghame's acceptance of 
Brooks's challenge, July 
21. 

Brooks and Keitt re-elected 
to Congress from S. C, July 
28. 

Dudley Observatory inaug. 
at Albany. Aug. 28. 

Preston S. Brooks, the as- 
saulter of Sumner, publicly 
welcomed and presented 
with a cane, at Columbia, 
S. C, Aug. 29. 

Charles Sumner received in 
Boston with public hon 
ors, Nov. 3. 

K Y. and Keicfoundland 
Telegraph litis, 1715 miles, 
opened to St. John's, Nov, 
10 



1856. N. P. Banks, jr., of Mass., elect- 
ed Speaker of House of Represent, 
of U. S., after a contest of 9 weeks, 
by plurality of 3 votes, Feb. 2. 

Gubernatorial contest in Wiscon- 
sin, Jan. — Fob. 

Mr. Fillmore nominated for Pres't 
by Amer. Con. at Phi la., Feb. 22. 

Free State Legisl. at Topcka, 
Kansas, elect Recder and Lane as 
delegates to Congress, Feb. 8. 

Kansas Investigation Committee 
appointed. March 19. 

Padre Vigil recognised as Minist. 
from Nicaragua, May 14. 

President's message announcing 
difficulty with Brit. Gov. on enlist- 
ments in the U. S., May 29. 

Buchanan nominated for Pres't 
by Dem. Con. at Cincinati, June 7. 

Fremont nominated for Pres't by 
Kepub. Conven. at Phila., June 17. 

H. Kepres. U. S. pass a bill ad- 
mitting Kansas under Topeka Con.. 
July 3. 

Topeka legislature dispersed by 
U. S. troops under Col. Sumner, 
July 4. 

John "W. Geary confirmed as Gov. 
of Kansas, July 31. 

WTiitefield and Reeder both re 
jected by H. Bepres. as delegates 
from Kansas, Aug. 1. 

Extra session of Congress ad- 
journed Aug. 30. 

Municipal election riot at Balti- 
more, 9 k., Oct. 8. 

U. S. troops in Ka.isas arrest and 
disarm parties of emigrants from N. 
E., Oct. 10. 

Buchanan elected Pres. Nov. 4 



1S55. Visit of the 
King of Sardinia to 
England, Nov. 30. 

Captain McClure 
receives the re. 
ward of £5,000 for 
discovery of " th« 
N~. W. passage, ^ 
and is knigh ted 
Nov 



Brit, fleet bom 
bard and partiallj 
destroy Canton 
China, Oot 28. 



1856 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



163 



1855 



1856 



France. 



Peace Conference at Paris 

opened Feb. 25. 
Birth of an heir to the throne, 

March 16. 
Treaty of Peace loith Russia* 

signed at Paris, March 80. 



Destructive floodB near Ly- 
ons, &o., whole villages de- 
stroyed, Jane. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1855. Omar Pasha defeats 
the Russians at the Ingour, 
Nov. 5. 

Explosion of 100,000 lbs. 
of powder at Sebastopol, 
Nov. 15. 

Surrender of Kavs to the 
Russians after a famous de- 
fence by Gen. "Williams, 
Nov. 25. 



1856. Preliminaries of Peace 
signed at Vienna, Feb. 1. 



The Crimea wholly eva- 
cuated by the Allies. July 
12. 



Russia : — Alexander II. 
crowned emperor, Sept. 7. 

— Railways of 2600 
miles contracted for by 
Government. Capital, 1000 
millions of francs, Oct. 28. 



Naples : — French and 
English ministers leave, 
Oct 28. 



The Would, elsewher*. 



1S55. Meaxico : — Alvarez re- 
signs the presidency, and It 
succeeded by Comonfr rt, 
Dec. 



1856. Costa Rica :— Schlessin- 
ger and W r alker's invasion 
defeated, March 20. 

— Walker defeats 8,000 
Costa Ricans at Kivas, Ap. 
11. 

Pan am a : — Ri ot on th e 
Panama R.R., 30 passengers 
killed, April 15. 



Gunpowder explosion at 
Salonica, Turkey, 700 *. 
and «?., July 17. 



Earthquake in Egypt 
Svria, and isles if Med 
About 1200 lives lost, and 
many thousand buildingl 
destroyed, Oct. 12. 



Granada, city of, de 
stroyed by Walker, Nov 



164 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1856 A.D. 



Peogress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Beitish EiiriB«. 



Revival of the African Slave 1856. Barrier Forts, near Can- 



Trade recommended by 
Gov. Adams in S. Ca. 
Arctic discovery ship Reso- 
lute presented to Queen 
Victoria by Lieut. Hart- 
stene for the U. S. Govern- 
ment, Dec. 30 



Deaths in 1858 : 
U. S. Europe. 



J. M. Berrien. 

Ogden Hoff- 
man. 

Com. Morris. 

J.G.Perceval. 

Jno. C. War- 
ren. 

J. M. Clayton, 
U. S. S. 

George Steers, 
naval archi- 
tect. 

T. Crawford, 
sculptor. 

Louis MLane. 



Jno. Braham 
vocalist. 

Sir W. Hamil- 
ton, meta- 
physician, 

VonBii-la, as- 
tronomer. 

LM Hardinge 

Father Mat- 
thew. 

Hugh Miller. 

Sir Jno. Ross 

Westrnacott. 

Yarrell. 

PL Delaroche 



ton, China, destroyed by 
U. S. squadron, for an at- 
tack on an American boat, 
Dec. 6. 

Resolution against the 
Slave Trade passed by H. 
of Reps. U. S., Dec. 16. 



I857 Geo. Peabody gives $300,000 
to establish a free Literary 
and Scientific Institute at 
Baltimore, Feb. 12. 



The Chief-Justice of the U. 
S. proclaims that negroes 
have no rights which white 
men are bound to respect, 
March 6. 

* Dred Scot decision," de- 
nounced by the Legislature 
of N. Hampshire, June 25. 

The Atlantic Telegraph Ca- 
ble first joined at sea by 
the Niagara and Agamem- 
non, Aug. 5, but" breaks 
Aug. 11. 



< 



Loss of the Central America 
and 450 lives, Sept. 8. 

Mass meeting* of unemployed 
workmen in N. Y., Nov. 2 
and 10. 

Stm. Adriatic starts on first 
voyage to Liverpool, Nov. 
28. 



1857. Four members of n, 
of Representatives of U. S. 
from N. Y. and Conn. ex. 
pelled for corrupt conduct, 
Feb. 19. 

Buchanan inaugurated 
President, March 4. 

Lord Napier recognised 
as British minister, March 
16. 

The Dred Scot Deci- 
sion delivered by Chief- 
Justice Taney, March 6. 

E. J. "Walker accepts ap- 
pointment as Governor of 
Kansas. March 26. 

Attempt to arrest Mayor 
Wood in N. Y. for an as- 
sault on the Street Com- 
missioner, June 16. 

General Financial Pa- 
nic begins with suspension 
ol Ohio Life and Trust Co., 
Aug. 24. 

Lecompton Convention 
Kansas, meets Sept. 7. 

Suspension of Philad. 
banks, Sept. 25 and 26, fol 
lowed by general suspen. of 
banks in Pa., Md., D. C, 
E.I 

Suspension of N. Y. city 
banks, Oct. 1:3-14, and Mas- 
sachusetts banks same day. 

Payments resumed, Dec. 



1857. Treaty of Peace witb 
Persia signed March 5. 

Palmerston Ministry out- 
voted on the Chinese ques- 
tion, March 5. 

New septennial Parlia- 
ment meets, April 30. 

The Manchester Art Ex- 
hibition opened, May 5. 

I Rebellion in India begina 
/ May 9 ; King of Delhi pro- 
claimed sovereign of India. 

\ Havet.ock defeat* th« re- 
bels under Nena Sahib, and 
recaptures Cawnpore, July 
13. 

The Emp. and Emprewj 
toria, Aug. 6. 

Sir Colin Campbell, the 
new com. -in-chief, arrive* 
at Calcutta, Aug. 14. 



De?hi taken after an a» 
sault of 6 days, Sept 14 



1857 A - D - A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



I6 5 



Fbanck. 



Eueope, elsewhere. 



Wobld, elsewhere. 



185T. Austria :— Amnesty to 
political offenders in Lom- 
bardy, &c, Jan. 25. 



Df the French visit Queen Vio- 



1857. Mexico: New constitu- 
tion promulgated, March 11. 



Costa Eica :— Walker sur- 
renders Kivas, and agrees U 
leave Nicaragua, May 1. 



Sweden and Norway: — 
Charles Louis, Prince- 
Eoyal, made Eegent Sep. 



Emperors of France and Eussia meet at Stuttgart, 
Sept. 25. 



Nicaragua : — Walke. 
and his men surrender to 
TJ. 8. ship Wabash, Com. 
Paulding, Dec. 8. 



38 



1 66 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1857 A.D.- 



A.I> 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Geeat Britain. 



■«i7 



Deaths in 1857. 

U. 8. I Europe. 

C. Colton. Beranger. 

E. K. Kane. C. Bonaparte 
W. L. Marcy. J. W. Croker 
Thos. J. Rusk. Thos. Dick. 
Eli Smith. Marshall Hall 

Earl of Elles- 
mere. 

Douglas Jer- 
rold. 

W. Scoresby. 

Eugene Sue. 

And. Ure. 

Cavaignac. 

Aug. Compte. 

Havolock. 

Chris. Rauch, 
sculptor. 



Commercial failures in one 
year, ending Dec. 25, 185T, 
amount to 5,123 : liabilities, 
$291,750,000. 

Launch of the monster steam- 
er Great Eastern at Lon- 
don, Jan. 31. 

Crawford's Monument to 
Washington, at Richmond, 
inaugurated, Feb. 22. 

Extensive and remarkable re- 
ligious " revival" through- 
out the U. S. in February, 
March, &c. 

Gold mine excitement in 
"Washington and Oregon 
territory. 

New "Divorce Court" 1 open- 
ed in London, May 10. 

Donati's Comet seen in June 
and July. 

" Vigilance Committee" in 
N. Orleans, June 2. 

New Prohibitory Liquor 
Law voted in Maine, June 
7. 

Turkish Admiral, Mehemet 
Pacha, and suite leave Bos- 
ton, after an extended visit 
in the U. States, July 14. 

A Jew in Brit. Parliament, 
July 2G. 

Atlantic Telegraph. 

National Teachers 1 Associa- 
tion — 1st Ann. Convention 
at Cincinnati. Aug. 11. 



1857. " Lecompton Constitu 
tion" adopted by Conven 
tion, Nov. 9. 

Walker resigns as Go- 
vernor of Kansas, Dec 15. 

W. Walker reaches N. Y. 
"on parole," and surren 
ders to U. S. marshal, Dec. 



1857. English and French 
ture the city, Dec. 28-80. 



1858. French and English 
the Governor, Yeh, Jan. 5. 

The Princess-Royal 01 
England married to the 
Prince of Prussia, Jan. 25. 

Steamer Great Eastern 
first floated, Jan. 81. 

Resignation of Palmer- 
ston's Ministry, and acces- 
sion of Lord Derby, Feb. 20. 



Queen Victoria's message to 
Slaver Echo captured and carrried 
gust 27. 



1858. Mr. Buchanan's " Kan- 
sas Message" to H. Reps, 
with Lecompton Constitu- 
tion, Feb. 2. 

" Anti- Lecompton De- 
mocratic " meetings in 
Phila., N. Y., &c, Feb. and 
March. 

Bill to admit Kansas as a 
State, under Lecompton 
Const., passes the Senate, 
March 23. 

The House passes another 
bill. 

New Free State Conven 
tion of Kansas, at Leaven 
worth, March 25. 

The " English Kansas 
bill" passed both Houses of 
Congress, April 3m. 

Minnesota State Govern- 
ment organized at St. Paul, 
May 28. 

Atlantic Telegraph fleet sails from Plymouth, Eng 
land, June 10. 

The President sends a 
message announcing peace- 
able settlement of trouble 
in Utah, June 10. 

Treaty of Peace and Ami- 
ty with China, 6igned at 
Tien-Tsin, June 13. 

News of the completion 
ceived with joyful demonstrations, Aug. 5. 

Magnificent celebration 
at New York, Sept. 1. 

The English bill voted 
on by the people of Kan- 
sas and rejected, August! 
9. 
resident Buchanan sent f»nd received, August 16. 
to Charleston, Au-I 



Eng. steam. Cyclops bom- 
bards Jedrlah, July 25-26. 

Baron Rothschild takes 
his seat in H. of Commone 
July 26. 

Queen Victoria and Pr. 
bourg, Aug. 4. 
of Atlantic Telegrarh re- 



1858 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



16; 



FBAN3K. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



The Wobl», »lsewher«. 



1857 



1857. Naples : Terrible earth- 
quake,14,000 parsons killed. 



fleets bombard Canton, and oap- 



tr< ops enter Canton and capture 

Attempt by Orsini and 
others to assassinate the 
Emperor with a hand gre 
nade : S persons k. and 156 
wounded, Jan. 14. 



558. Mexico: — Revolution, 
Comonfort gives up the Go- 
vernment to Juarez; Zulo- 
aga proclaimed president by 
a H. of Representatives. 



Turkey : — Massacre oi 
Christians at Jeddah— 45 
killed, June 15. 



Albert visit the Boiperor at Cher- 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1858 A.D.- 



a.d. Progress of Society, &c. 



1S6S 



United States. 



The N. Y. State quarantine 

buildings at Staten Island 

destroyed by the citizens 

as a nuisance, Sept. 1. 
First overland mail for Ca- 
lifornia leaves St. Louis, 

Sept. 16. 
Boston Public (Free) Library 

opened, costing $450,000, 

Sept. 17. 
The " General Admiral" stm. 

frigate, built for Russian 

government, launched at 

N. Y., Sept. 21. 
Crystal Palace, N. Y., burnt, 

Oct. 5. 
The yacht Wanderer lands 300 Africans near Brunswick, 

Ga., Nov. 28. 
The Grand Jury at Columbia. S. C, refuse to indict the 

slaver " Echo," Nov. 30. 
First railroad in Egypt. 



DeatU in 1858. 



Geeat Britain. 



1858. The East India Com- 
pany ceases to exist, and 
its vast possessions pass 
into the hands of the Br'.t 
Government, Sept 1. 



1858. U. St. stm. Niagara 
sails from Charleston for 
Liberia, with rescued slaves 
of the '• Echo," Sept. 20. 



U.S. 

T. n. Benton. 

Kob. Hare. 

H.W. Herbert, 

Freem'nliunt. 

Com. Perry. 

Gen. Quitman 

Gen. P. F. 
Smith. 

N. W. Taylor. 

B. F. Butler. 

Parker Cleve- 
land. 

Wm. Jay. 



Europe. 

R. Brown, bo- 
tanist. 

Geo. Combe. 

" Rachel." 

Marshall Hall. 

Duchess of 
Orleans. 

Re.chid Pa- 
cha. 

Radetsky. 

Ary Scheffer. 

Root. Owen. 

Sir W. Reid. 

Foresti. 



359. New Hall of the U. S. 
Senate first occupied, Jan. 



U. S. Agricultural Conven 

tion at Washington, D. C. 

Jan. 3. 
Slidell's bill, giving $30,000,000 to facilitate the acquisition 

of Cuba, introduced Jan. 10, 



Mr. McLane recognises the 
Juarez government in Mex- 
ico, April 4. 



Sickles kills Key at Washin 

ton, for seduction of his 

wife, Feb. 27; he is tried 

and acquitted, April 26. 
Southern Convention at Vick'sburgh discusses the opening 

of the Slave Trade. .May 11, 
Great fire at Key West. 110 



house 
May ia 



loss $9,750,000, 



telegrams— India to Eng- 
land. 

8everal slavers captured by 
U. S. vessels. 



1859. DTsraeli introduces a 
new Reform Bill, Feb. 28. 

Lord Lyons, new British 
minister at Washington, re- 
ceived, April 12. 

England protests against 
Austrian menaces of Sardi- 
nia, April 21. 

English court in mourn- 
ing for the tyrant king of 
Naples (May). 

New Parliament niceta, 
May 80. J. E. Dennteon 
elected speaker. 



Telegrams to India acce- 
lerated seven days by cablf 
on the Red Sea, June 8 



859 A - D - A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



169 



France. 



Eueopk, elsewhere. 



The Wobld, elsewhere. 



1858 



1858. Egypt: — First train 
on the Suez Railroad crosses 
the isthmus in eleven hours, 
from Suez to Alexandria, 
Dec. 5. 

Hayti: — Revolution — 
Faustin banished — General 
Jeffrard proclaimed Presi- 
dent, Dec. 21. 



The Emperor's New- Year's 
speech to Hubner, Austrian 
minister, causes a war sen- 
sation, Jan. 1. 

Prince Napoleon marries 
the Princess Clothilde, Jan 



1859. Austria demands that 
Sardinia shall disarm, 
Ap. 23. England protests 
against this menace. 

Sardinian army on a war 
footing. 



French troops reach Turin and Genoa, April 26—30. 



War declared, in alliance 
with Sardinia, aeainst Aus- 
tria, May 3. 

Subscriptions for loan of 
500 million francs exceed 
four times that sum, from 
525,000 persons. 



Tuscany :— Grand Dnke 
abdicates; his troops fra- 
ternize with revolutionists, 
April 27. 

Austria declares WAR 
AGAINST SARDINIA, 
and her trooi>s cross the 
Ticino, April 29. 
The Emperor L. Napoleon arrives at Genoa, May 12. 
Empress made Recent. | 
Battle of Monteoello : Austrians defeated. May 20. 

Garibaldi enters Como, 

I May 2T. 

Battle of Palestro : Austrians defeated, May 

Battle of Magenta : Allies victorious, June 4; and enter 

M ilan, June 8 



1859. Mexico. — Miramon ap- 
pears before Vera Cruz, 
March 18-27. 

Peru : — Earthquake de- 
stroys part of Quito, March 



Naples :— Death of Ferdi- 
nand II., and accession oi 
Francis II., May 22. 



170 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1859 A.D.- 



Peogkess of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Geeat Beitain. 



1850 



Eemarkable religious rem 
vol in Ireland, June, July, 
etc. 



Excessive heat in California 
and in Europe, June-July 



Wise travels 1200 miles in a 
balloon from St. Louis to N. 
York state, July 1. 

Gold images found in Indian 
graves at Chiriqui, July. 



Cosmopolitan celebration of 
100th birthday of Schiller. 
Nov. 10. 



Brilliant meteor seen in N. Y. 
and N. England, Nov. 15. 



Deaths in 1859 : 
U. S. Eubope. 



J. "W. Alexan- 
der. 
W. C. Bond. 
RufuB Choate. 
Bp. Doane. 
Hoe. Mann. 
Den. Olmsted. 
W. H. Pees- 

COTT. 

Rich. Rush. 

Geo. Bush. 

J. Y. Mason. 

Theo. Sedge- 
wick. 

Linn Boyd. 

"Washington 
Ieving. 



Dr. Abbott. 

T. K. Hervey. 

HUMBOLDT 

Leigh Hunt. 

Jejeebhoy. 

D. Lardner. 

C. R. Leslie. 

Lady Morgan. 

Jos. Sturge. 

De Tocque- 
ville. 

Metternich. 

De Quincey. 

J. A. James. 

J. P. Nichol. 

Thos. Nuttall. 

I. K. Brunei. 

Carl Ritter. 

Louis Spohr. 

Bir J.Stephen. 

Macaulay. 

Robert Ste- 
phenson. 



French and English in 
the forts of the Peiho, June 
Com. Tatnall. 

S59. Gen. Harney takes possession of the island of San 

Juan (now Vancouver's island) July 9. 



Kansas Const. Conven 
tion meets at "Wyandote, 
July 5. 

Gen. Harney proclaims 

Eossession of the island of 
an Juan for the U. States, 
July 27. 

Mr. Ward, U. S. minis- 
ter, reaches Pekin, July Su. 

Treaty with China rati- 
fied, Aug. 16. 

J. Y. Mason, U. S. mi- 
nister to France, dies at 
Paris, Oct. 3. 

John Brown's Enid for 
the liberation of slaves, at 
Harper's Ferry, Va., Oct 
17. 12 of his men and 1 
marine killed. 2 of his men 
hung, Dec. 16; and 2 more 
March 16, 1860. 



Congress assembles, Dec. 



Law passed in Arkansas, Jan. 1S60. Pennington of N. Jer- 
1, to banish free negroes sey elected speaker of the 
from the state. House of Representatives, 

after a balloting for nearly 
two months, Feb. L 



Decree by the Emperor of 
Austria in favor of rights 
of the Jews, Jan. 10. 



Builders' strike begins in 
London, July 25. 



Captain McClintock re- 
turns, bringing relics of 
Franklin's expedition, Sep. 
21. 

Steamer Royal Charter 
wrecked in British Chan- 
nel ; 445 persons lost, and 
£1,000,000 in gold, 



Death of Lord Macaulay 
Dec. 28. 



1860. Lord Clyde proclaims 
the rebellion in India at 
subdued, Jan. 7. 



i860 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



i;i 



1859 



Feance. 



Eueope, elsewhere. 



Peru iria sacked by papal troops, June 20. 

Battle of Solferino, June 24. Austrians under the Empe 

ror in person defeated by the allies : great loss on both 

sides. 



| Treaty of Peace signed by the Emperors of France and 
Austria, at Villafranca, July 11. 



The Woeld, elsewhere. 



The Emperor returns to St. 

Cioud, July 27. 
Entrance of "the Army of 

Italy" into Paris, Aug. 14 
Political amnesty, Aug. 17. 



Treaty with Japan, ratified 
at Jeddo, Sept. 22. 



The Emperor advises Victor 
Emanuel a programme for 
the Regeneration of Italy. 
Oct. 20. 



Exchange of ratifications of 
the Treaty of Zurich, Nov. 
21. 

The Emperor's letter to 
Eomagna, Dec. 31. 



1860 Treaty with Nicaragua rati- 
fied, Jan. 11. 



1859. Tuscany: — Council oi 
State votes in favour of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
July 12. 

Conference at Zurich 
opened, August 8. 

Sardinia: — Cavour dis- 
missed from the ministry, 
July 13. 

Tuscany :— The Nation. 
Assein. decrees the perma- 
nent exclusion of the Aus- 
trian dynasty, Aug. 16. 

Modena : — Farini dicta- 
tor, opens the Nat. Assem- 
bly, Aug. 16, aud assumes, 
government of Parma, 
Aug. IS. 

Rome .'—Concordat be- 
tween the Pope and Spain, 
Aug. 26. 

Russia :— Schamyl taken 
prisoner in Caucasia, Sept. 
6. 

Bologna: — Assemb. Nat. 
under pres. of Minghetti 
decree independence from 
the Pope. Sept. 7. 

Sardinia : — The king 
receives deputations from 
Modena and Parma, ten- 
dering annexation to Sar- 
dinia, Sept. 15. 

Romagna : — Decree of 
annexation to Sardinia, 
Oct. 7. 

Spain declares war 
against Morocco, Oct. 22 
O'Donnell named com.-in 
chief of Spanish army. 

Sardinia .'—Prince Ca 
rignan made regent of Eo- 
magna, Parma, etc.. Nov. 6. 
but declines in favor of 
Buoncompagni. 
the Pope, advising cession of 



1S60. Spain:— The Moors 
defeated at Castellejor, Jan. 

Rome : — The Pope re- 
plies to the Emperor, refus- 
ing to cede the Legations, 
Jan. 8. 

Sardinia. : — Cavour re- 
called to the premiership, 
Jan. 15. 



1859. Mexico : — Juarez do 
crees the confiscation o d 
church property, July 12. 
Venezuela .-—Civil " war: 
downfall of Castro, tht Pre- 
sident, July. 

Costa Rica :— Eevclution 
—fall of Mora, Ang. 14. 



Buenos Ayres :— BattU 
with the troops of Argen- 
tine Confederation, Oct. 2a 



172 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



i860 A.D. 



Progress of Society, etc. 



United States. 



Great Britain. 



First " Pony Express" reaches Carson Valley in eight and 
a half days from Missouri; and news thence by telegraph 
reaches San Francisco in nine days from New York. 

1860. The "Covode Com- 
mittee' 1 (House of Repre- 
sentatives) appointed to ex- 
amine alleged corruption 
of the government, March 
5. 

U. S. corvette Saratoga 

captures Miramon's vessels 

at Vera Cruz, March 7. 

Japanese Embassy arrives at San Francisco, March 2S 

at Washington, May 14 ; at Baltimore, June 8 ; at Phila 

delphia, June 9 ; at New York, June 16. Sails for Ja 

pan, in the U. S. frigate Niagara, June 30. 



Universal Suffrage in Cen- 
tral Italy. 



Papal bull against agitators 

and reformers. 
Fight of Heenan and Sayers 

for the championship of 

England, April IT. 



560. French treaty ratified 
by 116 majority in the Com 
mons, Feb. 24 



Lord J. Russell proposes a 
new Reform Bill, March 2, 
but abandons it, June 11. 



Ministers defeated on a 
bill for repeal of paper duty 
— passed by the Commons 
but rejected (89 majority) 
by the Lords, May 21. 



Review of 18,000 volun- 
teers by the Queen in Hyd« 
Park, June 23. 



Democratic Convention 
at Charleston, April 23. 

Mr. McLane's treaty with 
Mexico (Juarrez) rejected 
by the Senate, May 31. 

National Repub. Conven- 
tion at Chicago meets May 
16, and nominates Abraham 
Lincoln for President, and 
Hannibal Hamlin for Vice- 
President of U. S. 

Law of Maryland prohibiting the manumission of slaves 
takes effect, June 1. 

Tornado in Iowa and II 
linois destroys whole vil- 
lages, June 8. 

Nat. Democratic Conven- 
tion (adjourned) at Balti- 
more, June 18, nominates 
Douglas and Fitzpatrick: 
a seceding Convention no- 
minate Breckenridge and 
Lane, respectively fur Pre- 
sident and V.-Pres. of U. S. 

The Great Eastern arrives at New York, from Southampton, June 28. 

Dr. Hayes's Arctic Expedition from Boston, sails July 7. 1 

Remarkable meteor in various northern states, -July 20. 

Visit of the Prince of Wales to British North Ame- 
rica and the United States. He lai ds at St. John's, Julj 
24; arrives at Quebec, August 18; Montreal, 24th; 
Ottawa, August 31; Niagara, September 14; Detroit 
Sept. 20; Washington, Oct. 
3; Philadelphia, Oct. i» ; 
New York, Oct. 11 ; Bos- 
ton, 17th; Portland, 2"th ; 
Plymouth, England, Nov. 
15. 

Lincoln and Hamlin 
elected Pres. and V.-Pres. 
ot the IT. S. by the votes of 
all the northern states ex- 
cept New Jersey, which 
chose 4 elect >rs for Douglas 
and 3 for Lincoln, Nov. 6. 

This election is made the 
pretext for rebellion and 
"secession" of the cotton 
states— S. Carolina leading, 
and adopting in Convention 
an ordinance of secession 
from the U. S., Dec. 20. 



Death* in 1860. 
U. S. 



J. A. Alexan- 
der. 

W. E. Burton. 

C. A. Good- 
rich. 

S. G. Good- 
rich. 

Theo. Parker. 

J. K. Pauld- 
ing. 

W C Preston. 



Europe. 

Sir C. Barry. 

Lady Noel 
Bvron. 

G.P. R.James. 

Anna Jame- 
son. 

Jullien. 

SirW. Napier. 

Baden ruff- 
ell. 

H. H Wilson 



i860 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



173 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



TnE World, elsewhere. 



1HV> 



Thouvenel foreign minister, 

Jan. 24. 
* V I Inivers" ultra-montane 

journal, suppressed, Jan. 29. 

Diplomatic correspondence of 
Antonelli, Feb. — March. 

Negotiations respecting an- 
nexation of Sice and Sa- 
voy. Treaty for cession to 
France signed at Turin, 
March 24; "but Switzerland 
protests. 

Nice votes for annexation to 
France 24,448 for, and 160 
against. 

Savoy gives 131,744 for and 
"33 against. 



The Emperor refuses an ap- 
plication from Naples to 
act as mediator, June 7. 



French troops sent to Syria 
to punish the murderers of 
Christians, Aug. 5. 



A French fleet placed before 
Qaeta; for which side is 
not proclaimed. 



1SG0. Spain :— Decisi ve vic- 
tory over the Moors at Te- 
ton an, Feb. 4. 

Siirdinia : — The army 
raised to 50,000, Feb. 26. 

Thouvenel with Cavour and 

Buoncompajrni resigns as 
£r>vernor of Cent/ al Italy, 
March 3. 

Tuscany :— Result of vot- 
ing on annexation to Sardi- 
nia pub., viz: For, 366,571 ; 
against, 14,925 (for sepa- 
rate kingdom) 

Austria advertises for 
new loan, March 24, and 
protests against Sardinian 
occupation of Tuscany, &c. 

Spain : — Peace with Mo- 
rocco ratified, March 29. 

Rome : — Papal bull 
against revolutionists, Mar. 
29. 

Revolution in Sicily be- 
gins at Palermo, Messina, 
and Catania, April 4. 

Rome:— Antonelli pro- 
tests against Sardinian an- 
nexation of Romagna. 

Si Ic 1 hj :—Gg uihaldilands 
at Marsala, with 2,000 
men, from Genoa, May 10 
Proclaims himself dictator 
on behalf of Victor Ema- 
nuel, 14th. 

Naples:— Concessions pro- 
claimed to the people, May 
19. 

— Garibaldi takes Pa- 
lermo, May 27. 

— A liberal ministry 
formed at Naples, June 28, 
The King grants new con- 
stitution and amnesty, J'ne 
25. 

Garibaldi's victorv at Me 
lazzo, July 20-21. 

Sicily (excepting the ci 
tadel of Messina) evacuated 
bv the Neapolitans, July 
30. 

Garibaldi's troops land in 
Calabria, Aug. 8. 

— Enters Naples. 

The King of Naples re 
tires to Gaeta. Sept , and 
is besieged there by the 
troops of Garibaldi and 
Victor Emanuel. 

Garibaldi resigns his 
power to Victor Emanuel, 
and retires to Caprera. 



1S60. Argentine Corfed.. Dot 
qui president, Feb. 5. 



38* 



Mexico : — Miramon at 

tacks Vera Cruz, March 7- 
13. 

Japan : — The Regent 
wounded in a riotous at- 
tack. 

Mexico : — Zuloaga pro- 
claims himself president, 
and denounces Miramon, 
May 1. 



A si a Min or :— Horr ble 
massacre of the Christians 
and Maronites, May. 3,000 
killed at Damascus, July 9. 

Honduras: -W. Walker 
the "filibuster," taken pri- 
soner and shot, Sept. 12. 

Syria :— Fuad Pasha sen! 
against the Druses. Aug. 5 
167 Moslems implicated in 
the massacres are executed 
at Damascus, Aug. 20. 



174 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1 86 1 A.D. 



> 



1861 



Heresy of " S E C E S- 

SiON"or Treason 
in the United States. 



Deaths in 1861 : Prince 
Albert, Mrs. Brown- 
ing-, Count Cavour, 
Czartorysld, Dr. J. 
W. Francis, Geof. 
St.Hriaire,Pr.Gort- 
chakotf, Nathaniel 
Lyon, Eug'e Scribe, 



United States. 



British Empire 



July— First "War Loan 

of the United States 
Government, $250- 

000,000. 



1861. This example followed by Mississippi, 
Jan. 9, Alabama, Jar.. II, Florida, Jan. 12 
Georgia, Jan. 19, Lo-.ilr.iana, Jan. 2C. 
Attempt tc carry Virginia, Kentucky, Ten- 
nessee, N. Jaroiina, Missouri, and Arkan- 
sas for secession defeated, Jan.— March, 
1861. Texas canned for secession, but a 
strong reaction for union follows. Gen. 
Twiggs surrenders the U. S forces in Tex- 
as, and the military stores, to the state, 
Eeb. 

Inauguration of Lincoln, fRepub.) Presi- 
dent U. S., March 4. 

WAR of REBELS against U. S. 

April 13. Fort Sumter surrenders to rebels. 

April 15. 75,000 men called for by proclama- 
tion. 

April 15. Great meeting in New York to 
support the Government. 

April 19. Attack on Massachusetts troops 
in Baltimore. 

April 21. Harper's Ferry arsenal burned by 
its garrison. 

April 25. Virginia secedes. 

May 6. Arkansas secedes. 

May 20. North Carolina secedes. 

May 21. Tennessee si 

June 8. The Savannah privateer captured. 

June 10. Big Bethel defeat. 

July 4. Congress meets. 

July 11. Rich Mountain victory. 

July 21. Bull Run defeat, 



Oct. 1. Commercial Aug. 29. Fort Hatteras taken. 



treaty bet'n France, 
England and Bel- 
gium in force. 
Nov. 1. Telegraph be- 
tween Malta and 
Alexandria opened 



Oct. 21. Ball's Bluff disaster. 

Nov. 1. McClellan Commander-in-Chief. 

Nov. 7. Port Royal forts taken. 

Nov. 8. Wilkes seizes Slidell and Mason. 

Nov. 30. Jeff. Davis elected President of the 

Confederate States. 
Dec. 2. Union armies have 660,971 men. 
1862. 

Jan. 1. Mason and Slidell released. 
Jan. 19. Mill Springs defeat. 
Feb. 6. Fort Henry taken. 
Feb. 7. Roanoke taken by Burnside. 
Feb. 16. Fort Donelson taken. 
Feb. 23. Nashville taken. 
March 9. The Cumberland and Congress lost 

at Hampton Roads. 
March 10. Manassas found evacuated by 

Rebels and is occupied by Union troops. 
March 11. McClellan takes command ot 

Army of Potomac. 
March 14. Newbern taken by Burnside. 
April 1. Beaufort taken by Burnside. 
April 4. Slavery abolished in D. Columbia. 
April 5. McClellan " besieges " Yorktown. 
April 6. Shiloh defeat— A. S. Johnson killed. 
April 11. Fort Pulaski taken. 
April 9.6. New Orleans taken. 
May 5. Yorktown occupi i* by McClellan— 
May 1. International Action at Williamsb.ugr. 
Exhibition at Let Ma F 10 - Norfolk Uken— the Merrimac 
don. I burnt— Farragut ascends the Mississippi 

l -Little Rock taken. 



1861 

May 13. Queen's 
proclamation of 
" neutrality " in 
the American con- 
flict. 



Nov. 8. Excitement 
about seizure of 
Mason and Slidell 
in British steamer 
Trent. 

Dec. 23. Death op 
Prince Albert. 



1862 

April 7. Treaty with 

U. S. to suppress 

slave trade. 

May 1. Internation- 
al Exhibition 
opened at Lon« 
don. 



862 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



i/5 



1861 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1801. Gae.ta surrenders to 
Victor Emanuel's troorjs 
Feb. 13— The King of Na- 
ples escapes on board a 
French frigate. 

End of Bourbon Rule 
in Italy. 

The Italian Parliament 
declares Victor Emanuel 
KING OF ITALY, Feb 
1861. 

;t Italy " recognized by Eng- 
land, March 31, and by 
France, June 24 



June 10. " Neutrality " in 
American conflict pro- 
claimed by the Emperor. 



Oct. 31. Convention -with Oct. 18. William I. crowned 
England and Spain for in- King of Prussia 
tervention in Mexico. 



Jan. 7. French army lands 
at Vera Gruz. 



March 28. French victories 
in Cochin China — six pro- 
vinces ceded to Trance. 



April 16. "War against Mexi- 
co declared. 



Feb. 13. Military revolt in 
Greece. 



World, elsewhere. 



1861 



Oct. 2 . Canton restored U 
the Chinese by the French 
and English. 



-6 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1862 A.D.- 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Deaths in 1862 : Brodie 
(surgeon), M. Van 
Buren, T. Hartwell 
Home, Sam. Hous- 
ton, T. J. Jackson, 
A. Sid. Johnson, 
Phil. Kearney, Du- 
chess of Kent, J. 
Sher. Knowles, Sir 
James Boss, Joseph 
Wolff. 



1963 



September — Internal 
Revenue Tax en- 
forced in the U. S. 



Jan. 2. Abolition of 
Slavery in the U. 
S., by procl' 
of the Commander- 
in-Chief. 

Feb. 9. The Geo. Gris- 
wold, with food given 
by New Yorkers for 
Lancashire opera- 
tes, arrives at Li- 
verpool. 

fllar. 4. Nat. Academy 
of Arts and Sciences 
founded by I 

June— G rant and 
Speke arrive in Eng- 
land from Source of 
the Nile. 

JrJy 13-16. Irish anti- 
negro and anti-draft 
riots at New York. 

D aths in 1863 : B.Hil- 
dreth, Mar. Lans- 
downe, Mulready, 
Mrs.Trollope, Arch- 
bishop Whateley. 

Sept. — Bussian squad- 
ron entertained at 
New York. 

Dec. 24. Thackeray 
dies. 



May 27. Hanover C. H., Va., taken. 

M°.y31. Fair Oaks battle— indecisive. Co- 
rinth taken. 

June 6. Memphis taken. 

June 27. Pope takes command of U.S. forces 
in N. Virginia. 

June 25-30. McClellan's skirmishes on Pen- 
insula. 

Jvne 26-July 1. Seven days' battles on the 
Jhickahominy. 

July— Tariff duties raised— 300,000 more 
volunteers called for. 

July 17. Emancipation and Confiscation Act 
cigned by the President. 

July 26. Halleck Commander-in-Chief. 
U. S. debt $1,222,000,000. 

Aug. 9. Banks defeated at Ced-.r Mountain 

Aug. 16. McClellan retreats fix ra Harrison' 
Landing. 

Aug. 30. Second defeat at Bu 1 ' Run. 

Sept. 5. McClellan agar: C. mmander-in- 
Chiet. 

Sept. 17. Antietam victory. 

Sept. 18. Harper's Ferry lost. 

Sept. 22. Lincoln's Emancipation Proclama- 
tion issued. 

Sept. 25. Habeas Corpus suspended. 

Oct. — Premium on gold, 29. 

Oct. — Piracies of the Alabama. 

Nov. 4. Democratic victory in New York 
elections. 

Nov. 7. Burnside supersedes McClellan. 

Dec. 10-13. Defeat at Fredericks!) urgh. 

1863. 

Jan. 1. Murfreesboro' victory (Bosecrantz 
over Bragg). 

Jan. 2. Proclamation of Emancipation is- 
sued. 

Jan. 26. Hooker supersedes Burnside. 

April 7. Monitors repulsed at Charleston 
the Keokuk lost. 

May 2-4. Chancellorsville defeat— Jackson 
killed. 

May 18. Vicksburgh invested by Grant. 

June 14. Maryland and Pennsylvania in- 
vaded by Lee. 

June 27. Meade supersedes Hooker. 

July 1-3. Get rvsr.rRGH victory. 

July 4. Vicksburgh occupied. 

July 8. Port Hudson taken. 

July 13-16. Biots at New York. 

Aug. 7. Sioux war ended by Gen. Pope. 

Aug. 20. Chickamauga defeat. 

Aug. 21. Fort Sumter bombarded. 

Oct. 19. Grant, Thomas and Sherman su- 
persede Bosecrantz in Tennessee. 

Oct. 17. President calls for 300,000 more 
volunteers. 

Nov. 23. Chattanooga victory by Sherman 
and Thomas. 

1864. 

Feb. 1. Draft for 500 000 men ordered. 

Feb. 20. Olustee (Fla.) defeat. 

Feb. 27-March 1. Kilpatrick and Dalghren's 
raid on Bichmond. 



Mar. 10. Marriage ol 
Prince of Wales 
to Alexandra of 
Denmark. 



Oct. 31. Steam rami 
built by Laird foi 
U. S. Rebels seized 
by Government. 

Oct.— British Con- 
suls dismissed 
from Ee^el States 
of U. S. 



1864A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



177 



18G2 



France. 



Oct. 15. Drouyn de L'huys, 

Foreign Minister. 
Oct. 30. Mediation proposed 

in Amer. conflict declined 

by Russia and Gt. Britain. 
1863 1S63 

Jan. 9. Mediation of France 

again offered to "U. S. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



June 7. Greece: Insurrec- 
tion spreads. 



Aug. 19. Garibaldi in Sicily, 
proclaims a Provisional 
Government. 

Aug. 29. He is wounded and 
taken prisoner by the 
king's troops. 

Sept. 30. Bismarck, Premier 
of Prussia. 

Oct. 5. Garibaldi and his fol- 
lowers released under 
general amnesty, and the 
state of siege in Sicily 
abolished. 



1863 

Jan. 18. Egypt : Ismail. 

Viceroy ; succeeds Said 

Pasha. 



March 30. Greece : George I 
of Schleswig-Holstein pro- 
claimed King— England 
agreeinsr to give up Ionian, 
Isles to Greece. 



July— Income-Tax Bill 
passed in Italy. 

Aug. 16. Congress of Ger- 
man Sovereigns at Frank- 
fort—" One Federal State" 
proposed — Russia dissents. 



Nov. 15. Denmark: Chris- 
tian IX. succeeds Freder- 
ick VII. 



1864. 

Jan. 21. War of Austria and 
Prussia against Denmark 
about Schleswig-Holstein 
—German troops enter 
Holstein. 



World, elsewhere. 



i;8 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1864 A.D.- 



1364 



> 



Pbogress of Society. 



Feb. 29. Peabody fund 
— Dwellings for the 
poor in London- 
First block opened 

April 3. Garibaldi's 
visit to England. 

May 16. Convention 
between France, 
Brazil, Italy, Portu- 
gal, and Spam, fcr 
telegraph to America 

June— Oct.— Cattl 
plague in England. 



United States. 



March 2. Grant succeeds Halleck as Com 
mander-in -Chief . 

May 5-6. Battle of the Wilderness. 

May 11-12. Battle of SpottsyivsLtia. 

June 15. Grant befir . Peter." rgh. 

June 19. Kearrage sinks the Alabama. 

July 1-13. Maryland again invaded by i 
Rebel raid. 

Juiv 20-28. Sherman's victories at Atlanta, 
Ga. 

July 30. Chambersburgh, Pa., burnt by Re- 
bels. 

Jaly30. Grant's mine at Petereturgh, Va., 



I exploded. 

, July BO. Secretary Chase resigns— Fessenden 
Aug.— Abd-el-Kader'tii Secretary of the Treasury. 
visit to England. ^ -ag. 8. Farragut's victory in Mobile Bay. 

Sept. -McClellan nominated tor President. 
by Democratic Convention at Chicago. 

£ p't. 2. Atlanta captured by Sherman. 

S-pt. 19. Sheridan's victory at Winchester. 

Oct. 19. Cedar Creek defeat made a victory 
by Sheridan. 

O -t. 21. Rebel raid at St. Allans, Vt, 

N v. 8. Lincoln re-elected President— Mc- 
Clellan resigns his command in army. 



Deaths in 1 864 : Frank . 
Bache,Josh'a Bates, 
W. J. Fox, T. C. 
Qxattan, Nathaniel 
Hawthorne, Edw. 
Hitchcock, Leonard, 
Horner, Archbishop 



Hughes, Jasmin Nov. 30. Thomas repulses Hood at Nash- 

(poet),C.M.Kirkland,l villo. 

\\ . Savage Lancj Dec. '.5-16. And again totally defeats him 

John Leech, J. R.. th 

Macculloch, Meyer- Dec. 13. Fort McAllister stormed, and 

beer, W. Curtis'Dee 2!. Savannah occupied by Sherman. I 

Noyes, Pellisier, Jo-|Dec. 24-5. Butler and Porter repuLed at 

siah Quincy, Edw. Wilmington. 

Robinson, H. R.|18G3. 

Schoolcraft, H. B.iFeb. 1. C-ngress abolishes slavery Vy fill 

Taney, J. G. Totten. amendment to the Constitution. 

Feb. 3. Lincoln and Seward's interview with 

Rebels at Fort Monroe. 
Feb. 18. Lee takes command Rebel armies, 

and uig- 1? arming of negroes. 
Feb. 22. Wilmington captured bv Rchofield. 
Feb. 22. Charleston •. vacuatcd by Rebels. 
April 1, New and higher tariff comes in 

force. 
April 2. Richmond and Petersburgh occupied 
by U. S. forces, after three days' lighting. 
April 6. Grant's victory at Farmville. 
April 9. Surrender op Lee with his whole 

army. 
April 12. Mobile taken. 
April 14. Fort Sumter occupied. 
April 14. Assassination of President Lin- 
coln and attack on Seward. 
April 15. Andrew Johnson sworn in as 

President. 
April 18. Sherman's convention with John- 
ston. 
April 25. Johnston's surrender. 
April 26. Booth, the assassin, shot. 
May 4. Gen. Dick Taylor surrenders. 
May 10. Jeff. Davis captured. 
May 26. Kirby Smith surrenders in Texas. 



British Empire. 



April 24. European 
conference at Lon- 
don on Schleswig- 
Holstein question. 

July 10. Palmerston 
sustained ir. th? 
general election. 



Aug. 15. English 
fleet visits Cher- 
bourg. 

Aug. 30. French fleet 
visits Portsmouth. 

Oct. 18. Death cf 
Lord Palmerston. 



Slavery Abolished 
in the U. States. 



Feb. 22. Rebel Con- 
gress decrees the 
arming of slaves. 

April 2. Death of Rich- 
ard Cobden. 



I Deaths in 1865 : Bishop 
Brownell, Adm. Du- 
pont, Val. Mott, 
Edw. Everett, Mrs. 
Gaskell, Sir W. J- 
Hooker, Kiss 
(sculpt.), Leopold L, 
Ab. Lincoln, Dr. 
Lindley. 



END OF THE REBELLION. 



[86=; 



March— Fenian out- 
breaks in Ireland. 



May 6. Reform 
League meeting 
in Hyde Park in 
defiance of Go- 
vernment. 



1 865 a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



179 



France. 



May 22. Death of Marshal 

Pellisier. 
May 20. Convention between 

France and Japan signed, 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1864, 

March 10. Louis II., King 

of Bavaria. 
April 18. Duppel taken by 

Prussians. 



June 1. Ionian Isles made 

over to Greece. 
July 8. Prussians take Al 

sen. 



Sept.15. Franco-Italian Con- 
vention signed — French 
troops to quit Rome in 
two years. 

Florence made the capital 
of Italy— Riots at Turin 
in consequence, Sept. 21- 
22. 

Oct. 30. Peace between Den- 
mark and the Allies, to 
whom Schleswig and Hol- 
stein are surrendered, 
Prussia retaining posses- 
sion of them. 



World, elsewhere. 



1864 



July 18. China : Nankin taken 
(" a heap of ruins") by Gor- 
don for the Imperialists. 



Famine in Bengal and Madras. 



1865. 

May 7. Hayti: Military in- 
surrection against Geftratrd 



i8o 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1865 A.D.- 



186G 



1867 



Aug.— Treaty of Com- 
merce between Italy 
and Japan. 

Sept.— Several South- 
ern States pass ordi- 
nances annulling Se- 
cession, abolishing 
slavery, &c. 

Binder-pest or cattle- 
plague in England, 
July, 1865, to Feb., 
18G6. 

ChoUra prevails in 
France, Spain, and 
Naples. 

Jan. 27. Death of Gib- 
son, Eng. sculptor. 

July 28. Atlantic 
Telegraph success- 
fully completed ; 
cable landed at New- 
foundland and re- 
portsPEACE between 
Prussia andAustria. 

Deaths in 1866 : Mar- 
quis D'Azeglio, 
Jared Sparks, Wm. 
Whewell. 



1867. 

April 1. Opening of 
the Great Exposition 
of Industry of all 
nations at Paris. 



July 1. Awards of the 
juries in the Great 
Exposition. 



July— 1 SOOth anniver- 
sary of St. Peter's 
martyrdom cele- 
brated at Rome. 



May 22. Proclamation opening Southern 

ports and exceptional amnesty. 
June 1. National Fast. 
June 29. Trial of assassins ended. 
July 7. They are hung. 
July 29. Prisoners of war released on oath of 

allegiance. 
July 31. U. S. debt $2,757,253,000. 
August— Rebel privateer Shenandoah de- 
stroyed about thirty vessels. 
Nov. 2. National thanksgiving. 
Nov. 9. Shenandoah at Liverpool— crew re- 
leased. 
Nov. 10. "Wirz executed for cruelty to U. S. 

prisoners. 
1866. 

May 3. Colorado bill vetoed. 
May 29. Death of Winfleld Scott. 
June — Resignation of Speed, Att. Gen. ; 

Dennison, P. M. Gen. ; and Harlan, Sec. 

Int. 
July 28. Congress adjourns, having passed 

Freedmen's Bureau (continuation) bill ; 

( 'ivil Eights bill ; Pacific Railway (supp.) 

bill ; Army bill, and other important 

measures. 
July— Gkant appointed General-in-Chief ; 

Sherman, Lieut.-General ; Farragut, Ad 

miral ; Porter, Vice- Admiral. 
Aug. 14. "National Union Convention" at 

Philadelphia. 
Sept. 3. Southern Loyalist Convention at 

Philadelphia. 
Sept. 6. Corner stone of Douglas Monument 

laid at Chicago by President Johnson. 
Oct. 6. Elections in Pennsylvania, Ohio, In 

diana, and Iowa result in increased Re 

publican majorities. 
Nov. — Republicans also victorious in Mass., 

N. H., N. Y., X. J., Mich., Minn., Nevada, 

and Mo. In Delaw. and Md. the Demo 
re successful. 
Dec. 13. Suffrage given to colored men in 

List. Columbia, by act of Congress. 
1867. 
Feb. 9. Nebraska admitted into the Union 

as a State. 
March 2. " Tenure of Office " bill passed. 
March 2. Military government for the South — 

bill passed over the President's veto by 135 

to 48 in the House, and 38 to 10 in the 

Senate. 
March 4. 40th Con press meets. 
March 23. Supplementary Bill on Military 

Government of the South, passed over 

President's veto— Senate, 40 to 7 ; House 

114 to 2.3. 
Southern States divided into five military 

districts, under 
Gen. Schofield, at Richmond; Sickles, at 

Columbia, <fcc. ; 'Pope, at Montgomery 

Ord, at Vicksburgh ; Sheridan, at New 

Orleans. 
April 10. Treaty for purchase of Russian 

America approved by the Senate. 



British and French 
Governments re- 
scind their recog- 
nition of American 
'* Confederates." 

October 18. Death of 
Lord Palmerston. 

Oct.— Movements of 
Fenians at New 
York, Phila., &c. 

October 7. Riots m 
Jamaica ; Gordon, 
a Baptist minis- 
ter, hanged by 
Governor Eyre aa 
a rioter. 

November 27. Trial 
of Fenians at Dub- 
lin. 

1866. 

Jan. 6. Gov. Eyre 
in Jamaica super- 
seded by Storks ; 
hot discussions in 
England as to his 
conduct in die 
riot. 



1867. 

May 9. Conference 
at London on the 
question of Lux- 
emburg. Treaty 
signed making the 
Duchy neutral 
territory— fortress 
to be razed. 



July— The Viceroy 
of Egypt and the 
Sultan of Turkej 
visit London. 



1867 A.D. A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



181 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1SG5 



Sept. 7. 
eiere. 



Death of Lamori- 



1867 



January — Railway between 
Boulogne and Calais 
opened. 

Jan. 19. Emperor decrees 
greater freedom of discus- 
sion in Legislature and the 
Press. 



Death of D'Azeglio, the 



World, elsewhere. 



[866 



1866. 
Jan. 15, 
patriot: 
June 18. Prussia and Italy declare 

War against AUSTRIA. 
June 24. Italians defeated at Cus 

tozza. 
June 21-2'.). Austrians defeated by 
Prussians in three battles won by 
gui 
July 3. (ireat Battle of SADOWA 
250,000 on each side. Pruss 

victorious ; Austrians lose 44,000 Sept. 18. Brazil : Urn 
K, and W., and 100 guns. 
Austria cedes Venetia to France, 
July 11. Prussians defeat Bavarians 

at Kissengen 
July 14. I'russians occupy Frank- 
fort 
July 18. Italian fleet defeated off 

Lizza. 
July 20. Preliminary treaty of peace 
Prussia requires Hanover, Hesse, 
Nassau and Frankfort. 
October 3. Treaty of Peace between 
Austria and Italy, signed at 
Vienna. 
Nov. 5. Venetia proclaimed to be 

part of Kingdom of Italy 
Nov. 7. K. Victor Emanuel's public 

entry into Venice 
t86 7 
Feb. 18. Hungarian Constitution 

restored by Austrian Emperor 
Feb. 24. First parliament of the 
German Confederation opened by 
K. of Prussia. 
War in Crete continued with various 

fortunes 
April 4. New ministry in Italy. 
■Ypril 1. Great Exposition 
opened by the Emperor. 
Waleswski resigns as Pres. 
of Corps Lcgis. 
May. 18. Emperor signs 

Luxemburg treaty. 
June 6. Attempt on' life of the Czar, while riding with the Em- 
peror, in Pans. 
The Sultan, Viceroy of Egypt, King of Prussia, Prince of Wales, 
and other notables, also visit the Great Exposition iu Paris in 
June and July. 



jjuayano surrenders 

to the allies. 
Sept. — Greeks in Crete 

rise in revolt against 

the Turks. 
Oct. 7. Jamaica riots. 



1867 

Feb. 5. Mexico : The 
City of Mexico 
evacuated by the 
French troops. 

Mar. 31. Valparaiso 
bombarded by Span- 
ish fleet. 

May 15. Mexico. 
Maximilian and his 
generals captured at 
Uueretaro. 

Egypt declared by the 
bultan to be a se- 
parate SOV( I 
after June 1 1 

July 1. Execution of 
Maximilian in 
Mexico. 

July 1. Cuba: Decree 
of the Queen of 
Spain freeing all 
children of slave 
parents born after 
this dst<3. 



182 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1867 A.D.- 



1867 



1867 

July— England visited 
by the Sultan ; first 
time in history. 

Reform in England. 

Deaths in 1867: Vic- 
tor Cousin, Charles 
Anthon. 



1868 



18G9 



Progbess of Society. 



1S68 

Jan. 15. Education con- 
ference opens at .Man- 
chester, England. 

Feb. 6. A horse-flesh 
dinner at the Lang- 
ham hotel, London. 

June 25. Luther mon- 
ument inaugurated 
at Worms. 

Sept. 9. Brunei's In- 
ternational Congress 
of Workmen resolve 
that arbitration is 
better than strikes. 

Oct. 5. Papal emissa- 
ries and Greek Pa- 
triarch of Constan- 
tinople disagree as to 
general council. 

Deaths, 1868 : Ex-pres. 
Buchanan ; T h a d . 
Stevens; ex-sec' y 
Bates. 

1869 

Jan. 24. First Protes- 
tant meeting for pub- 
lic worship in Madrid 

Apr. 3. Bibles in for- 
eign languages ad- 
mitted into Spain. 

May 10. Railway con- 
nection completed in 
U. S. between Atlan- 
tic and Pacific. 

July 14. French At- 
lantic telegraphic 
cable completed. 

Deaths, 1869: W. P. 
Fessenden ; Admiral 
Stewart (" Old Iron- 
side") ; G-. Peabody ; 
Ex-pres. P i e r c ; 
Gen. Wool ; Ex-sec'y 
Stanton. 



United States. 



1867 

May 13. Jeff. Davis released on bail. 

July-1. Congress meets in extra special ses 
sion, and enacts, over President's veto, a 
bill to confirm and strengthen the Military 
Government, passed in March. 

Aug. 10. Jury on trial of Surratt (assassina- 
tion of Lincoln) disagrees. Surratt dis- 
charged, Nov. 6, 1868. 

Aug. 12. Sec'y of War Stanton removed 
after refusing to resign. Replaced by Sen 
ate, Jan. 14-15, 186S. 

Sept. 9. Pres. Johnson proclaims general 
amnesty. 

Sept. 17. Antietam cemetery dedicated. 

Dec. Treaty for purchase of Danish islands, 
St. Thomas and St. John, for §7,500,000, 
signed. 



1S6S 

Jan. 21. Senate transfers jurisdiction over 
the Southern States from Johnson to Gen. 
Grant. 

Feb. 24. House votes to impeach Pres. John- 
son. 

March 6. Impeachment trial. 

.May 21. Republican Convention nominates 
Grant and Colfax. 

May 26. Senate adjourns, after refusing to 
impeach Pres. Johnson. 

June 5. Chinese embassy received at Wash- 
ington. 

July 7. Democratic Convention nominates 
Seymour and Blair. 

July 22. Wyoming territory organized. 

Nov. 3. Grant and Colfax elected. 

Dec. 14. House of Representatives denounces 
repudiation of national debt. 



Jan. 14. Clarendon and Johnson convention 
on Alabama claims signed. 

Feb. 6. Nolle prosequi ends prosecution 
against Jeff. Davis. 

Feb. 21. Fifteenth amendment (negro suf- 
frage) passed. 

March 3 and 15. Schenck bill passes, declaring 
that all national obligations will be paid in 
coin. 

Apr. J. L. Motley appointed Minister at Lon- 
don. 

Apr. 15. Naturalization treaty with Great 
Britain ratified. 

June 15. Peace Jubilee at Boston. 



British Empire. 



of 



1867 

July 15. Pai 
New Reform 
Bill, nominally 
D'Israeli's, really 
Gladstone's ? 

Sept. 24-27. Pan- 
Anglican synod at 
Lambeth. 



1868 

Jan. 28. 113,674 spe- 
cial constableg 
sworn in in the 
United Kingdom, 
from apprehension 
of Fenians. 

Feb. 25. Derby min- 
istry resigns ; D'ls- 
raeli, premier 29th. 

Sept. 30. Nearly 21.- 
000 extra deaths 
from the hot sum- 
mer. 

Dec. 2. D'Israeli min- 
istry out ; Glad- 
stone's succeeds, 
9th. 



1869 

July 26. Irish Churcl 

lisestablishment 
bill passed. 



i860 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



18 



1867 



1868 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1867 

July 1. The Emperor dis- 
tributes medals of honor, 
at the Great Exposition. 

Oct. 30. French troops enter 
Rome. 

Nov. 18. Pacific speech of 
Emperor on opening Cham-j 
bers. 

Dec. 5. Rouher declares (for 
government) that Italy 
shall never seize upon 
Rome. 



1868 

Jan. 1. Army bill, amounts 

to furnishing an army of 

1,200,000. 
June 1. New press law, less 

stringent. 
Aug. 1. Rochefort* s Lanteme 

suppressed ; lie escapes to 

Belgium. 



1869 

June 9. Violent election riots 

at Paris. 
June 26. Great increase of 

opposition in Assembly. 
July 13. Ministerial respon 

sibility introduced by the 

Emperor. 
Aug. 15. Centenary of birth 

of Napoleon I. ; pensions, 

amnesty, etc. 
Sept. 10. New constitution 

promulgated. 



1S67 

July. Great excitement in Europe 
respecting the death of Maximilian 
in Mexico. 

Russian America sold to the United 
States. 

July 1. Great assemblage of Prelates 
of R. G. Church at Rome. 

Aug. 6. Violent outbreak of cholera 
at Albano, Italy. 

Sept. 8. International Peace Congress 
at Geneva; broke up 12th, from 
furious quarrelling of members. 

Sept. 24. Garibaldi arrested while 
preparing to invade Papal States, 
and sent to Caprera. 

Oct. 13. Garibaldi escapes from Ca- 
prera ; 26, defeats Pope's troops at 
Monte Rotondo ; 27, King of Greece 
marries Grand Duchess Olga ; 3U, 
French troops enter Rome. 

Nov. 4. Garibaldi beaten and taken 
at Montana. 

1868 

March 21. Defeat of papal party at 
Vienna on civil marriage bill. 

Sept. 29. Queen of Spain flees into 
France ; provisional government set 
up. 

Nov. 24. Croatian deputies sit togeth 
er with Hungarian, met for first 
time. 

Dec. 30. Final surrender of revolu- 
tionary Cretan government an- 
nounced at Constantinople. 



May 20. Spanish Cortes votes 214 to 
71 for monarchical government. 

June 16. Serrano chosen regent of 
Spain. 

Dec. 8. Vatican Council opened at 
Rome. 



Would, elsewhere. 



1867 

Oct. 29. Destructiv« 
hurricane in West 
Indies. 

Nov. 1. Furious cy- 
clone in Bengal. 



1868 

Feb. 19. Brazilians 
force the pass of 
Humaita against 
Paraguayan batte- 
ries. 

Apr. 13. Capture of 
Magdala, Abyssinia. 
by British ; death ol 
King Theodore. 

May 22. Russians oc- 
cupy Samarcand. 

June 25. Paraguayans 
evacuate Humaita, 
after over 2 years' 
siege. 

Nov. 17. Suez canal 
formally opened. 



1 84 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1870 A.D. 



a. r>. 'Progress of Society, 



1870 

Apr. 2. Railway from 
Calcutta to Bombay 
opened. 

Apr. 10. Kestmb Chun 
der Sen conducts re 
ligious services ir 
London. 

May 19. English House 
of Lords rejects bill 
permitting to marry 
deceased wife's sis- 
ter, 77 to 73. 

May 25. Organization 
of English commit- 
tee to revise author- 
ized version of Bible. 

Dec. 25. Mount Cenis 
tunnel completed. 

Deaths, 1870: Admi 
rals Dahlgren and 
Farragut ; Gen. Lee 



United States. 



1870 

Jan. 25. Darien canal scheme approved by 

Congress. 
March. Mr. Revels, first colored member of 

House (from Mississippi), takes his seat; 

16th, his first speech, for universal amnesty 

and suffrage. 
April. Fifteenth amendment ratified. 
July. New tariff adopted, to take effect Jan. 

1, 1871. 
July. Mr. Motley recalled. 
Oct. 1. Internal taxation begins to be re- 
duced. 
Nov. Republican majority in Congress greatly 

reduced by the fall elections. 
Dec. 5. President Grant's message regrets 

failure of proposal to annex St. Domingo. 
Dec. 21. General Schenck Minister to London. 
Dec. Census makes value of U. S. $31,000,- 

000,000. 



British Empire, 



1870 

July 19. Neutrality 

in Franco-Prussian 

war proclaimed. 
Aug. -Nov. Foot and 

mouth disease in 

cattle. 



1870 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



I8 5 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere. 



1870 

Jan. 12. Pope's decree condemning 
the Fenians. 

May IT. Espartero declines the crown 
of Spain. 

June 25. Queen Isabella of Spain abdi- 
cates in favor of her son Alionso. 

July. Vatican Council votes the Pope's 
infallibility. 

July o0. Austrian government dis- 
solves the concordat with Rome. 

Sept. 20. Italian troops occup 

Oct. 2. Vote of people of Papal States 
for annexation to Italy, 133,681 
yeas to 1.50? nays. 

Nov. It). Prince Amadeo of Italy 
elected king of Spain by the Cortes ; 
accepts, Dec. 5. 

Nov. 23. Pope excommunicates all 
concerned in annexing Rome to 
Italy. 

Dec. 10. German empire voted at 
Berlin by the Reichstag ; crown 
presented to King Wilhelm of Prus- 
sia at Versailles, 18th. 

Dec. 27. High and damaging flood in 
the Tiber at Rome. 

Dec. 28. Marshal Prim assassinated at 
Madrid. 

Dec. 31. King Victor Emmanuel ar- 
rives at Rome. 



1870 1870 

Jan. 3. Liberal (Ollivier) min- 
istry formed. 
Jan 10. Victor Noir murdered 
by Prince Pierre Bonaparte. 
Jan. 22. Rochefort fined and 

imprisoned for libel. 

May 8. Plebiscite on govern 

ment amendments to con 

stitution, adopted by 5 to 1 

May 14. Riots and barricades 

in Paris. 
July 2. Orleans family de 
mand to return to France : 
refused by Assembly, 173 to 
31 
July. Prince Leopold declines 
candidacy for Spanish 
throne ; Prussia refuses 
guaranties ; 17th. France 
declares war, 
July 23. Empress regent ; 
Emperor joins army ; 2Gth, 
first skirmish at Nieder- 
bronn ; 30th, French re 
pulsed at Saarbruck. 
Aug. 2. French take Saar- 
bruck ; 4, G ermans de 
feat French at Wissem- 
bourg and Geisberg; 6, 
severe defeat of French at 
Woerth ; 7, state of siege 
at Paris; S, French de 
f eated at Forbach; 

Bazaine in command at Metz ; 10, new war ministry ; decree for 
great increase of army ; Strasburg invested by Germans ; 12, 
Germans pass the Vosges ; 14, Germans gain battle of Courcelles ; 
16. of Vionville ; 18, of Gravelotte and Rezonville ; Trochu gov- 
ernor of Paris ; 22, Bazaine isolated at Metz ; 25, Germans oc- 
cupy Chalons ; 30, several engagements lost by parts of Mac- 
Mahon's army retreating north ; 31, they retreat to Sedan ; Aug. 
31 and Sept. 1, Bazaine repulsed and driven into Metz. 
Sept. 1-2. Battle of Sedan ; surrender of MacMahon's army and 
Napoleon III. ; Sept. 4, revolution at Paris ; republic declared, 
and government of defence, Trochu president ; Empress and min- 
isters flee to Belgium ; 5, Germans occupy Rheims, and 7. St. 
Dizier ; 9, Germans advancing on Paris ; 15, siege of Paris 
formed ; Sept. 17, important circular of Favre, confessing that 
France is in the wrong, and asking that the war stop ; 10, Bis- 
maroks circular asserting necessity of material guaranties from 
France ; 19, Paris completely invested ; 21, VersaiUes surrenders ; 
Favre reports failure to agree with Bismarck ; 23, Durnouf gets 
out of Paris with mails by balloon; levee en masse in French de- 
partments ordered; 28, Strasburg capitulates; red republican 
rising put down at Lvons. 
Oct. 7. Gambetta escapes from Paris by balloon; 9, organizes a 
government at Tours ; 7, great sortie from Metz repulsed; 10, 
11 red republican attempt to establish the commune at Paris de- 
feated ; 11, Germans take Orleans ; 16, take Soissons ; 21, French 
sortie from Mont Valerien (Paris) repulsed ; 27, Metz and army 
surrendered by Bazaine ; 29, Germans take Dijon ; 31, riots in 
Paris; commune established for a moment, but dislodged. 
Nov. 4. Germans have taken 11 towns, 3,653 guns 155 imtrail- 
leuses. nearly 500,000 chassepots, 90 eagles, about $20,000,000 m 
money ; hostilities continue in various parts of France ; 24, Ger- 
mans take Thionville; 27, take La Fere; 2b, occupy Amiens ; 
30, great sortie of 120,000 men from Paris ; they retreat, Dec. 2. 



1870 

Jan. 15. Salnave shoe 
in Hayti ; Saget pres- 
ident. 

March 1. Defeat and 
death of the Para- 
guayan leader Lopez. 

May 25. Fenian raid 
into Canada repulsed 
by volunteers. 

June 21. Mob at Tien- 
tsin in China; French 
consul and residents 
murdered. 



1 86 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1870 A.D. 



1870 



1871 



Pbogbess of Society, 



1870 



1871 

Sept. 22. Old Catholic 
meeting at Bonn, a 
gainst new dogma of 
infallibility. 

Dec. 28. Gradual slave 
emancipation la\i 
passed in Brazil. 

Deaths, 1871 : G. Tick 
ner ; Alice andPhcebe 
Cary ; Gen. R. An- 
derson ; R. Cham- 
bers; Schamyl, the 
Circassian chief; 
Omer Pasha; Thal- 
berg ; Herschel ; Au- 
ber ; G. Grote ; Prin- 
cess Belgiojoso ; Paul 
de Kock; R. Bent- 
ley; C. Babbage; Sir 
R. Murchison ; Mar- 
shal Beuedek ; G. 
Hudson ("railway 
king"). 



United States. 



1870 



1871 



Jan. 12. Great meeting in New York for Ital- 
ian unity. 

Apr. 6. Report of commissioners to St. Dom- 
ingo, in Senate. 

May 26. Treaty for Alabama claims commis- 
sion, etc., ratified. 

June 4. U. S. army on peace footing of 
35,284 men. 

June 10. Statue of S. F. B. Morse unveiled in 
N. Y. 

June 29. Polaris expedition sails for North 
Pole. 

July 12. Riot in New York. Romanists against 
Orangemen : 62 killed, 117 wounded. 

July 16. First exposure of Tammany Ring in 
N. Y. Times. 

Oct. Great fires in Minn., Wise, and Mich. 
forests. 

Oct. 8-9. Great fire at Chicago ; 18,000 build- 
ings destroyed; §200,000,000 lost. 

Nov. Russian Minister Catacazy dismissed 
for discourtesy to U. S. authorities. 



British Empihe. 



8th 



1870 



1871 

Apr. 3. 
taken. 

July 20. Purchase of 
army commissions 
stopped by royal 
warrant. 

Sept. 30. South Ken- 
sington Exhibition 
closed (open 6inoe 
Mayl). 



1871 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



IS/ 



France. 



1871 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1870 1870 1870 

Dec. Obstinate fighting by the army of the Loire ; other hostilities; 
Germans mainly successful ; 11, Gambetta's government moves 
to Bordeaux. 



1871 

Jan. 1-10. Bombardment of 
Paris ; hostilities in other 
parts of France continu- 
ing ; mostly German suc- 
cesses; ID, great sortie of 
100,000 men from Paris 
repulsed : 23, Trochu re- 
signs ; 24, Vinoy governor 
of Paris; 28, Paris capit- 
ulates ; 30, Bourbaki's 
army of 80,000 driven into 
Switzerland and "in- 
terned ; " treaty of peace, 
ceding Alsace and part of 
Lorraine, and to pay Ger- 
many $l,00u,0OO,UO0; pre 
liminaries signed Feb. 26. 
Feb. 18. Thiers becomes exe- 
cutive. 

March 1—3. German troops 
enter Paris, and remain 48 
hours. Treaty concluded 
May 10, ratified by French 
Assembly, May 18. 
March 18. Insurrection at 
Paris, and commune estab- 
lished there ; 20, regular 
government at Versailles : 
28, government of the com 
mune proclaimed at Paris. 
April 2. Military operations 
begin between government 
and commune ; 4, com 
munist insurrection sup 
pressed at Marseilles. 
May 14. House of M. Thiers 
destroyed by commune 
16, column Vendome pulled 
down; 21, government 
troops enter Paris and oc- 
cupy part ; 23-24, Tuileries, 
Hotel de Ville, etc., burned 
by communists ; 28, fight- 
ing ends and communists 
suppressed ; about one- 
fourth of Paris burned, 
and loss of property 
through commune, $160,- 
000,000 ; 29, decree disarm- 
ing Paris. 
Sept. 1. Thiers made Presi- 
dent for 3 years; 20, Ger- 
mans evacuating forts 
around Paris. 
Nov. 28. Communist leaders 

shot. 
Dec. Said to be sixteen poli- 
tical parties ; 19, Due d 'Au- 
male and Prince de Joinville 
take seats in the Assembly. 



1871 

Jan. 2. King Amadeo arrives at Ma- 
drid. 

Feb. 8. Complete amnesty for politi- 
cal offences in Austria. 

June 16. 25th anniversary of pope 
dom of Pius IX. celebrated at Rome 

Nov. 18. Uniform coinage law en 
acted in Germany. 



World, elsewhere. 



1870 



1871 

June 11. TJ. S. and 
French storm Corean 
strongholds and pun- 
ish Coreans for in- 
sults. 

Oct. 1. Military revolt 
in city of Mexico ; 
suppressed with 
much bloodshed. 



i88 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1872 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


United States. 


British Empibk. 


1S72 


1872 


1872 


1872 




Aug. 6. Spain prepares 


Jan. 16. General amnesty bill passed. 


Feb. 29. Arthur O'- 




to free slaves in 


June 17. Boston peace jubilee opens. 


Connor presents ai 




Porto Rico and 


July 10. Democrats and Liberals join to nom- 


empty pistil at the 




Cuba. 


inate Greeley for president. 


Queen. 




Aug. 22. International 


Aug. 19. Judge Barnard removed and dis- 


March. Agricultural 




statistical congress 


qualified, for corruption in office. 


laborers 1 strike in 




at St. Petersburg. 


Sept. Geneva award (Alabama claims) an- 


Warwickshire. 




Sept. 8. Australia con- 


nounced. 


June. Strikes in va- 




nected by submarine 


Oct. 23. Island of San Juan awarded to U. S. 


rious trades. 




telegraph with the 


Nov. 5. Grant re-chosen president. 


Sept. 14. Final Ala- 




Indo-European tele- 




bama award. 




graph system. 




Nov. 5. New com 




Oct. 16. Railway op- 




mercial treaty 




ened from Yokoha- 




signed with France. 




ma to Yeddo, in Ja- 




Nov. 24. Serious ill- 




pan. 




ness of Prince of 




Deaths, 1872: J. Gil- 




Wales ; begins to 




lott; Due de Per- 




recover Dec. 14. 




signy ; Abp. Spal- 








ding ; John Poole ; 








J. Mazzini ; Rev. P. 








D. Maurice ; Lord 








Dalling ; C. Lever ; 








J. G. Bennett; Rev. 








N. McLeod ; L. Feu- 








erbach ; Charles XV. 








of Sweden; Mrs. 








Parton ("Fanny 








Fern"); T. Gautier-, 








Sir J. Bowring ; 








Gen. Halleck ; W. 








H. Seward ; H. Gree- 






1873 1S73 


1873 


1873 




Jan. 1. European cal- 


Jan. Modoc war begins. 


Jan. Strikes of col- 




endar introduced in- 


Feb. Fighting and disturbances in New Or- 


liers ; c a 1 very 




to Japan. 


leans. 


scarce. 




May 5. Treaty of Great 


March. Credit Mobilier scandal in Congress. 


June-July. Shah of 




Britain with Zanzi- 


Apr. 11. Gen. Canby and others murdered by 


Persia visits Eng- 




bar to suppress slave 


Modocs. 


land. 




trade. 


June. Modocs surrender. 






Deaths, 1873: Napole- 


Nov. Excitement over execution by Spaniards 






on III. ; M. F. Mau- 


of Americans from steamer Virginius. 






ry ; Rev. T. Guth- 








rie ; C. Knight ; Ba- 








ron Liebig; W. C. 








Alacready ; Dr. Liv- 








ingstone ; A. Man- 








zoni ; F. von Rau- 








mer ; H. Powers ; M. 








Odillon-Barrot ; Duke 








of Brunswick ; Mrs. 








Mundt; Sir B. Land- 








seer; Sir H. Hol- 








land ; U. Ratazzi ; S. 








P. Chase. 






1874 


1874 


1874 


1874 




June 22. Telegraph op- 


Feb. Women's whiskey-war; women try to 


Jan. 23. Duke ol 




ened between Great 


stop liquor-selling, by prayer, etc., in Ohio 


Edinburgh marries 




Britain and Brazil. 


and N. Y. 


Grand Duchess 
Marie of Russia. 



1 874 A -D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



189 



J ^2 



France. 



1872 

April 23. Law against the 

" International " & 
Sept. Government is estab- 

lislied at Paris. 
Oct. 0. Pilgrimages of 

some 20,000 persons to 

Lourdes. 
Nov. 5. New commercial 

treaty 6igned with Great 

Britain. 



1872 

Jan. Insurrectionary movements be 

gin in north of Spain. 
Apr. 1. Tercentenary of Dutch inde 

pendence observed. 
May 1. University of Strasburg re 

opened (closed by French, 179-2). 
May 2. Don Carlos enters Spain ; 6. 

flees back to France. 
June 12. Jesuits expelled from Ger 

many. 
July 18. 1000th anniversary of King 

dom of Norway celebrated. 
July 31. Extradition treaty signed 

Belgium and Great Britain. 
Sept. 30. Revolt in Montenegro. 
Dec. 18. Coinage made uniform in 

Denmark, Sweden, and Norway. 
Dec. 31 . Diplomatic relations broken 

off between the Pope and Germany, 



1873 1873 

Feb. Letter of Comte de 
Chambord, destroying all 
hope of Bourbonist fusion 

March 15. Convention for 
complete evacuation by 
Germans on payment of 
whole indemnity. 

May 24. Thiers and his min 
istry resign ; 26, MacMahon 
chosen president by the 
assembly. 

Aug. 2. Germans have left 

I France, except Verdun : 5, 

\ the Orleanists recognize 
Comte de Chambord as 
chief. 

Sept. 5. Last inst;;' 
German indemmi 1 

13, Germans leave Verdun ; 
16, last Germans leave 
France. 

Nov. 20. MacMahon's term 
made 7 years. 

Dec. 12. Bazaine condemned 
to death for surrender of 
Metz ; commuted to 20 
years' imprisonment. 
l874 1874 

[March 16. Imperialist dem- 
onstration at Chiselhurst, 

J at majority (18 years) of 
prince imperial. 

39 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1S72 

March 1. War between 
Honduras and San 
Salvador. 

March 26. Attempt to 
Lnate the Mika- 
Japan. 

July 22. Military re- 
volt at Lima ; Presi- 
dent Balta killed. 

Aug. 17. Japanese em- 
bassy in England. 



1873 

Feb. 9. Extradition treaty signed, 

Italy and Great Britain. 
Feb. 11. King Amadeo of Spain ab 

dicates. 
May 1. International exhibition at 

Vienna opened. 
Oct. 21. Jesuits expelled from their 

con vents and colleges at Rome. 



World, elsewhere. 



1873 

Feb. 23. Emperor 

Toung-Chi of China 

assumes government. 
March 25. Netherlands 

declare war against 

Atchinese. 



1S74 

Apr. 13. Revised constitution adopt- 
ed in Switzerland. 

July 23. Extradition treaty ratified, 
Netherlands and Great Britain. 



1874 

Feb. 5. British force 
under Sir G. Wolse- 
ley occupies Coomas- 



i go 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1874 A.D.- 



1874 



1875 



1876 



Peogbess of Society. 



1874 

Aug. International 
congress at Brussels 
on laws of war. 

Sept. 15. Internation- 
al postal congress at 
Berne ; adopts a sys- 
tem Oct. 7. 

Deaths, 1874 : Ex-pres, 



United States. 



rising of whites ; restored by U. S. forces 
Oct. 27. Triennial Episcopalian convention ; 

canon against ritualism. 
Dec. Senate passes bill to resume specie pay- 
ment Jan. 1, 1879. 

1875 



1874 

Apr. 22. President Grant vetoes bill for in- 
convertible paper money. 
July. Beecher scandal breaks out. 
Aug. 17. Riots at Austin., Miss., negroes and 
whites ; so-called negro insurrection also in 
Aug., at Trenton, Tenn. 
Sept. Centennial of meetin g of colonial dele- 
gates at Philadelphia. 

Fillmore; C. Sum-|£ent. 18. G-ov. Kellogg of La. deposed by a 

ner ; F. Guizot ; 

A. von Rothschild; 

Chang and E n g 

(Si a m e se twins); 

Dr. D. F. Strauss; 

J. Michelet. 
1S75 
Jan. Civil registration Feb. 4. Senate rejects new reciprocity treaty 

and civil marriage with Canada. 

adopted by law in Feb. Civil rights bill (for negroes) passed 

Germany. (Apr. 19. Centenary of Lexington. 

May 20. International June 17. Centenary of Bunker Hill. 

convention at Paris July 2. Beecher trial ends. Jury disagrees (9 

for adopting metric to 3 for Beecher). 

system. 13 nations Sept. 3U. First American Cardinal (McClos- 

represented. I key) received at Rome. 

May 23. People of Oct. Inflationist defeats in Ohio and Iowa. 

Switzerland adopt 

civil marriage by 

vote. 
Nov. 28. Italian gov- 
ernment buys the 

Northern Italian 

railroads. 
Deaths, 1875 : Ex-pres. 

Johnson ; A. Helps ; 

E. Pereire; E. Qui- 

net ; Toung-Chi, em- 
peror of China. 
1876 
Feb. 1. International 

courts in Egypt be- 
gin to sit. 
Feb. 6. Turkey replies 

to Andrassy note, 

promising reforms, 

which are decreed 

14th. 
March 9. Egyptian in- 
vading force beaten 

by Abyssinians. 
Oct. 27. Capt. Nares's 

Arctic expedition re- 
turns ; reports that 

North Pole cannot 

be reached. 
Dec. 21. New penal 

code adopted for 

German Empire. 
Deaths, 1S76 : Vice- 

pres. H. Wilson ; F. 

Deak; Reverdy John- 
son ; Abdul-Aziz, ex- 

sultan of Turkey ; 

Gen. Santa Anna ; 

0. Perier; Cardinal 

Antoaelli. 



Bbitish Empibk. 



1S74 

Feb. 21. Gladstone 
ministry out ; D'ls- 
raeli succeeds him. 

May 13-21. Visit of 
Czar of Russia. 



1876 

Jan. 1. Centennial year, great demonstrations 
in Philadelphia. 

March. Minister Schenck resigns in con- 
sequence of Emma Mine scandal. 

April. Senate rejects R. H. Dana's nomina- 
tion as minister to England. 

Apr. 14. Lincoln monument, erected by ne- 
groes, unveiled at Washington. 

May 10. International exhib. opened at Phila. 

June 16. Hayes and Wheeler nominated at 
Cincinnati. 

June. Winslow released at London ; extradi- 
tion treaty thus ended. 

June 25. Custer and his command ambushed 
and destroyed by Sioux. 

June 29. Tilden and Hendricks nominated at 
St. Louis. 

July 9. Hamburg (S. C.) massacre of negro 
militiamen by Butler and others. 

Aug. 1. Gen. Belknap, ex-secretary of war, 
impeached for corruption, but acquitted by 
35 to 25 in Senate (two-thirds must con- 
vict). 

Aug. 2. Colorado admitted into the Union. 

Oct. 17. President Grant's proclamation 
against unlawful combinations to affect elec- 
tions in South. 



1875 

March 9. Moody and 
Sankey, the reviv- 
alists, arrive in 
London ; sail (on 
return) Aug. 4. 

Sept. 27. Railway ju- 
bilee at Darlington. 

Nov. 25. Government 
purchase of Suea 
canal shares an- 
nounced. 



1876 

May 1. Qneen pro- 
claimed Emjreai 
of India. 



1876 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



IQI 



1874 



1875 



Feance. 



1S74 

Aug. 31. Vendome column 
restored. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1S74 

Dec. 31. Alfonso, son of Queen Isa- 
bella, proclaimed King of Spain, 
enters Madrid and assumes govern- 
ment, Jan. 14, 1875. 



1870 



1875 

Feb.-March. Constitutional 
changes in a republican 
direction. 

June 23. Destructive floods 
at Toulouse. 

Dec. Reports on trial of com 
munists shows 9,596 con- 
victions and 110 death 
sentences. 



1876 

Jan. French revenue for 1875 
$500,000,000, said to be 
the largest ever received 
by any government. 

Feb.-March. Republican ma- 
jority elected to Chambers 

Nov. 3. France announces 
her neutrality in the Russo- 
Turkish war. 

Dec. 12. New ministry under 
Jules Simon. 



1875 

Oct. 6. Turkey announces suspension 

of payment on half the interest of 

her public debt. 



World, elsewhere. 



1876 

Jan. 31. Andrassy note presented to 
Turkey, suggesting reforms. 

March 20. Triumphal entry of Al 
fonso into Madrid, the Carlist in 
surrection being suppressed. 

May 6. Assassination of French and 
German consuls at Salonica in Tur- 
key. 

May. Risings in Bulgaria, cruelly 
put down by Turks. 

May SO. Sultan Abdul- Aziz deposed 
Murad V. succeeds. 

July 9. Turkey repudiates payments 
on public debt until better times. 

Aug. 81. Sultan Murad deposed ; Ab- 
dul Hamid II. succeeds. 

Nov. 1 . Six weeks' armistice between 
Turkey and Servia. 



1874 

Feb. 13, King of Ash 
antee makes peace. 

Feb. 22. Bishop of Per- 
nambuco condemned 
to 4 years' imprison- 
ment for disobedi- 
ence to law. 

Feb. 26. Insurrection 
at Nagasaki, Japan. 



1875 

Apr. 5. Island of Sag- 
halien ceded by Ja- 
pan to Russia. 

May 18. Seven Chilian 
towns of 30,000 popu- 
lation, destroyed by 
an earthquake. 



1876 

Feb. 20. Khokand an- 
nexed to Russia, as 
Ferghana. 

July 17. Gen. Canal 
president of Hayti. 

Oct. 81. Terrible cy- 
clone in Bengal ; im- 
mense loss of prop- 
erty and life. 

Dec. 10. Baez, Presi- 
dent of St. Domingo. 



192 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1876 A.D.- 



1876 



1877 



Psogbesb of Society. 



of tele- 



1876 

Invention 
phone. 



1877 

Invention of phono 
graph. 

Deaths: Tayler Lewis, 
J. L. Motley, Gen. 
Changarnier, Dr 
Muhlenberg, E. L 
Davenport, Gen. 
Forrest, Geo. L. Fox, 
Henry Peters Gray 
Thiers, Erigham 
Young. 



United States. 



1877. 

July2-9. Pan-Presby- 
terian conference 
at Edinburgh. 



1876 

Nov. 7. Presidential election ; Hayes and 
Wheeler chosen by 1S5, to 184 for Tiiden 
and Hendricks. 

1877 

Jan. U. S. Government commission report 
Darien canal practicable. 

Jan. Extradition treaty signed with Spain. 

Jan. 8. Two governors (Nicholls and Kellogg) 
inaugurated in Louisiana ; Kellogg main- 
tained by U. S. troops. 

Jan. Fourteen fishing schooners, overdue at 
Gloucester, Mass., given up for lost with all 
on board. 

Jan. Moody and Sahkey opened meeting in 
Boston. 

Apr. 10. U. S. troops evacuated South Caro- 
lina state house ; Gov. Chamberlain has to 
yield to Hampton. 

Apr. 24. U. S. troops evacuate state house at 
New Orleans ; Kellogg government yields to 
Nicholls. 

June 6. Civil suit against P. B. Sweeney com- 
promised tor $400,000. 

June 29. Pres. Hayes's letter prescribing 
that national office-holders must not be 
managing party officials, nor be assessed for 
party expenses. 

July. An Indian war under chief Joseph breaks 
out in Idaho. 

Oct. 5. Nez Perces Indians under Chief Cleopatra's Needle 
Joseph surrender. 

Oct. 1."). Forty-fifth Congress meets in extra 
session. 

Nov. 33. Halifax Fisheries Commission de- 
cree that the United States is to pay Great 
Britain $5,5U0,000. 



1878 1878 

Dec. 17. Gold sells at 
par in New York 
City for the first 
time since Jan. 13, 

'• 1862. 

Deaths : W. C Bry- 
ant, Bayard Taylor, 
Geo. H.Lewes. Win. 
M. Tweed, George 
Crnikshank, Piin 
cess Alice, Bp. Du- 
panloup, Joseph 
Henry. 



British EaaraB, 



1876 



1878 

Jan. 30. Senate ratifies Samoan treaty which 
gives U. S. naval vessels use of harbor of 
Pagopago. 

May 17. House of Representatives appoints 
a (Potter) committee to investigate alleged 
frauds in presidential election of 1876. 

Nov. 5. Elections favorable to the Demo- 
crats. 

Southern States visited with yellow fever. 
causing 20,000 cases of sickness and 7,000 
deaths. 



1 » rou g h t from 
Egypt and erected 
in London. 



1878 

June 4. Defensive 
treaty with Tur- 
key signed, by 
which Cyprus is 
ceded to Great 
Britain. 

Sept. 3. "Princess 
Alice 1 ' sunk near 
London ; 600 lives 
lost. 

Oct. 2. City of Glas- 
gow Bank, Scot- 
land, closed with 
liabilities of $50,- 
000,000. 



1878 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



193 



1870 



1S77 



FRANCE. 



1876 



1877 



Eubope, elsewhere. 



1S76 



1877 



Jan. 18. Turkey rejects proposals of 
the European powers. 

Jan. 23. New Turkish constitution 
proclaimed. 

Apr. 24. Russia declares war against 
Turkey, and enters Roumania. 

May 21. Jubilee at Rome, 50th anni 
versary of Pope's episcopate. 

Juue. Russians cross the Danube at 
Galatz ; 25, at Hirsova. 

July 6. Over 120,000 Russians have 
crossed at Sistova. 

July. The German quarrel with Rome 
has caused the deposition of 4 bish- 
ops and archbishops; expulsion 
of 600 persons (120 priests) from 
Cologne alone ; vacancy of 47b 
parishes in 7 bishopric? alone. 
Oct. 14. Elections favorable Aue 18. Russians defeated at Jah- 



World, elsewhere. 



187G 



1877 

Feb. Diaz is in posses- 
sion of power in 
Mexico ; ex-pre-idem 
Lerdo escapes to San 
Francisco. 

May 9. Great earth- 
quake and tidal wave, 
coast of Peru; loss, 
$20,000,000 and 60C 
lives. 



to Republicans. 
Nov. 20. Resignation of the 

De Broglie ministry. 
Dec. 14. "Formation of the 

Dufaure ministry. 



1878 1878 

May 1. International Expo- 
sition opens at Paris. 



Only railroad in China 
closed by 
nese government. 



nilar ; 25, and at Kizil Tepe. 
Sept. 3. Russians storm Lovatz ; 

8, Montenegrins capture Nicsic. 
Nov. 17. Insurrection along Greek 

frontier. 
Nov. 18. Russians capture Kars. 
Dec. 10. Russians capture Plevna. 
1878 
Jan. 3. Russians capture Sophia ; 

9, and a Turkish army of 25,000 
men in Shipka Pass ; 20, and enter 
Adrianople. 

Jan. 9. King Victor Emanuel of 
Italy dies, and is succeeded by his 
son, King Humbert. 

Jan. 23. King Alfonso of Spain 
marries Princess Mercedes. 

Feb. 7. Pius IX. dies ; 20, Leo XIII. 
is elected Pope. 

May 11. Attempt to assassinate Em- 
peror William of Germany. 

June 2. Another attempt to assas- 
sinate Emperor of Germany. 

June 13. Meeting of European Pow- 
ers at Berlin. 

June -6. Death of Queen Mercedes 
of Spain. 

July 13. Treaty of Berlin signed by Sept. Protectionists 
European Powers. 

Aug. Opposition in Bosnia to Aus- 
trian occupation. 

Oct. 19. Anti-Socialist Bill passed 
by Germany. 

Oct. 25. Attempt to assassinate King 
Alfonso of Spain. 

Nov. 17. Attempt to a-sassinate 
King Humbert of Italy. 



1878 

-Ian. -Feb. Famine in 
Northern China, in 
which several mill- 
ions of persons 
starve to death. 

Feb. 4. An asylum for 
women and children 
in Tien-tsin, China. 
is burned, and near- 
ly 3,000 live- lost. 

April 11. Tornado at 
Canton. China, in 
which 10.000 persons 
are estimated to be 
killed. 

Aug. M a rquis of 
Lome is appointed 
Governor-General of 
Canad; 



arc successful at 
Canadian elections ; 
Sir .John A. Mac- 
donald becomes pre- 
mier: and tariff laws 
are passed. 
Nov. 21. British troops 
invade Afghanistan. 



194 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1879 A - D » 




is: 



y. 



1879 

Jan. 2. Specie pay- 
ments resumed in 
U. S. 

April 30. Treaty be- 
tween Great Britain 
and Germany for 
suppressing slave 
trade. 

May 18. Switzerland 
permits each Canton 
to restore capital 
punishment. 

July 9. "Jeannette" 
sails from San Fran- 
cisco for Arctic re- 
gions. 

Oct. 25. Flogging in 
the navy abolished 
in the Netherlands. 

Nov. 15. Seventh ca- 
ble laid under the 
Atlantic (Cape Cod 
to Brest). 

The Northeast (Polar) 
passage made by 
Nordenskjold. 

Invention of a univer- 
sal language (Vola- 
puk) by J. M 
Schleyer, a German 

Construction of the 
first electric railroad 
(at Berlin). 

Deaths : Mme. J< 
rome Bonaparte, 

Von Bulow, R. H. 
Dana, Gen. DLx, W, 
L. Garrison, Gen, 
Hood, Gen. Hooker, 
Baron Rothschild 
Gen. Richard Tay- 
lor. 



1879 

Mar. 18. Extra session of Forty-sixth Con 

gress. 
Sept. 29. Maj. Thornburgh and ten soldiers 

killed by the Indians in Colorado. 
Oct. 16. The Apaches kill forty settlers in Prussia 

New Mexico. 



1879 

Mar. 13. Marriage 
of Duke of Con- 
naught to Prin- 
cess Louise of 



1879 A - D - 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



195 



1879 

Jan. 30. Marshal Mac Ma- 
lion resigns the presidency 
and Jules Grevy is elected 
in his place. 

Feb. 2. Resignation of the 
Dufaure ministry. 

Feb. 5. Appointment of the 
Waddington ministry. 

June 1. Prince Louis Na- 
poleon killed by the Zulus. 

Aug. 2. Seat of government 
removed from Versailles 
to Paris. 

Dec. 20. Resignation of the 
Waddington ministry. 

Dec. 28. Appointment of 
the Freycinet ministry. 



France. 



1879 

Feb. 8. Definite treaty of peace be- 
tween Russia and Turkey signed. 
Mar. 12. River Theiss in Hungary 

breaks its dykes and destroys 300 

lives. 
Mar. 20. Russian troops evacuate 

Adrianople. 
Apr. 29. Prince Alexander of Bat- 

tenberg elected Prince of Bulgaria. 
Nov. 29. King Alfonso of Spain 

marries the Archduchess Marie 

Christina. 
Dec. 30. Attempt to assassinate 

King Alfonso of Spain. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Would, elsewhere. 



IS?.) 

Jan. 8. British troops 
enter Candahar (Af- 
ghanistan). 

Jan. 10. British troops 
enter Zululand ; 22, 
are dei'ealed at Is- 
andlana. 

Feb. 12. Chilians take 
possession of disput- 
ed Bolivian territory. 

Feb. 16. Kin- of Bur- 
mah assassinates 

Erinces of royal 
ouse at Mandalay. 

Feb. 20. Death of 
Shore Ali, Ameer of 
Afghanistan ; sne- 
ce< ded by Yakoob 
Khan. 

Mar. 23. Chilians cap- 
ture Cabana. 

Aprils. Zulus defeat- 
ed at Gingholova. 

April 6. Chili formal- 
ly declares war 
against Peru ; 11, 
Peruvians defeated 
in naval battle off 
Loa. 

June 24. Zulus invade 
Natal : 28. General 
Wolseley lands at 
Durban. 

June 25. Ismail. Khe- 
dive of Egypt, abdi- 
cates and is succeed- 
ed by his son, Tew- 
fik Pasha. 

June 26. Afghans sign 
treaty Of peace. 

July 1. Zulus defeated 
at Ulundi. 

July 16. Chilians bom- 
bard Iquique ; 21, 
Peruvians bombard 
Caldera. 

Aug. S. Second bom- 
bardment of Iqui- 
que by Chilians : 16, 
Battle at San Pedro 
de Acatama : and. 
28, at Antofagasta. 

Aug. 28. The Zulu 
king, Cetewayo, 
captured. 

Sept. 1. Bolivians and 
Peruvians capture 
Calama ; 16, Naval 
battle off Iquique ; 
19, Chilians victori- 
ous at San Fran- 
cisco. 

Sept. 3. Maj. Cavag- 
nari and British 
Embassy assassinat- 
ed in Cabul. 



196 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1 879 A.D.- 



A.D. 


Progress of Society. 


United States. 


British Empire. 


1879 


1879 

4 


1879 


1879 


1880 


1880 


1880 


1880 




Feb. 18. Slavery abol- 


June 2. Garfield and Arthur nominated by 


Jan. 3. Riots in Con- 




ished in Cuba. 


Republicans at Chicago. 


nemara, Ireland. 




Feb. 29. Tunnel 


June 1 1 . Weaver and Chambers nominated 


Feb. 17. Parliament 




through St. Gothard 


by Greenback-Labor Convention at Chi- 


defeats bill to 




Mt. completed. 


cago. 


make franchise in 




June 10. Celebration 


June 24. Hancock and English nominated 


Ireland the same 




at Lisbon of ter- 


by Democrats at Cincinnati. 


as in England and 




centenary of Ca- 


Oct. 14. Indian Chief Victoria and fifty 


Scotland. 




moens. 


braves killed by Mexicans. 


Mar. 24. Parliament 




Aug. 14. Completion 
of Cologne Cathe- 


Nov. 4. Garfield and Arthur elected Presi- 


dissolved. 




dent and Vice-President. 


April 21. Resigna- 




dral, begun in 1248. 




tion of Beacons- 




Nov. 4. Kansas adopts 




field. 




prohibitory amend- 




April 23. Appoint- 
ment of Gladstone 




ment to constitu- 






tion. 




government. 




Dec. 8. Flogging abol- 
ished in British 




May. Insurrections 






in Western Ire- 




navy. 




land. 




Deaths : Ole Bull, 




June. House of 




Lydia Maria Child, 




Commons refuses 




Geo. Eliot, Empress 




to allow Bradlaugh 




of Russia, Lucretia 




to take his seat. 




Mott, Paul de Mus- 




Oct.-Nov. Riots in 




set, Offenbach, Tom 




various parts of 




Taylor. 




Ireland. 
Dec. 28. State trial 
against Parnell, 
etc., begins in 
Dublin, 



i88o A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



197 



1S79 



1880 



France. 



1879 



1880 

Jau. 29. Bill passed to sup 
press political clubs. 

June. Army chaplains abol- 
ished. 

June 29. Island of Tahiti 
annexed to France. 

June 30. Jesuits expelled 
from their religious 
houses. 

July 11. Communists am 
nestied. 

Sept. 10. Kevolt of natives 
of Domenica against 
French government. 

Sept. 19. Resignation of 
Freycinet ministry. 

Sept. 23. Appointment of 
Ferry ministry. 

Oct. 30. Religions houses 
of Jesuits forcibly closed. 

Nov. 9. Ferry ministry re- 
sign : but, 11, withdraw 
their resignations. 

Dec. 9. Bill for taxing reli- 
gious property passed. 



Europe, elsev* here. 



1879 



1880 

Feb. 18. 1,200 persons arrested in 
Russia for •• attempting" to assas- 
sinate theCzar : 24. Gen. MelikofE 
appointed Dictator of Russia. 

April 7. Bismarck offers his resig- 
nation to the Emperor of Ger- 
many, but it is not accepted. 

May 4. German Anti-Socialist laws 
extended to 1884. 

June 1. International Exhibition 
opened at Brussels. 

June 16. Supplementary Conference 
meets at Berlin to settle Greek and 
Montenegrin questions. 

July 3. Prussia passes bill to sub- 
ordinate all clergy to the State. 

Sept. 17. Naval demonstration 
against Sultan to enforce Monte- 
negrin settlement. 

Oct. 19. Czar marries Princess Dol- 
gorouki. 

Nov. 27. Turks evacuate Dulcigno. 

Nov. -Dec. Anti-Semitic meetings 
it Berlin. 



Would, elsewhere. 



Sept. 9. Communist 
outbreak in Colom- 
bia ; German < onsul 
Mid 20 U others 
killed. 

Sept. 17. Internation- 
al Exhibition at 
Sydney, New 

Get. 2. Afghans re- 
pulsed wiih great 
loss at Shutargar- 
dan : 21, Abdication 

of Yakooi. Khan. 
Oct. s Chilians cap- 

turethe " Buascar." 
Oct. 24. Midhat Pasha 

resigns go 1 

Ship of Syria. 

Nov. •.'. < Jhilians cap- 
ture Pisagua ; and, 
s. Tarapaca ; and, 
17, Conchas Blan 
cas : and, 22, the 
"Pilcomayo ; "* 13, 
are defeated at 
Quintlagoa; hut, 24, 
are victorious at 
Iquique. 

Dec. 12. Attempt to 
assassinate Lord 
Lylton at Calcutta. 

Dec. 14. Afghans de- 
feated near (/anal ; 
and. 23, at Sherpur. 

1880 

Jan. 5. Revolution in 
Peru ; Gen. Pierola 
proclaimed Dicta- 
tor. 

Jan. 7. Chilians occu- 
py Ilo. 

Jan. 15. Afghans de- 
feated near Dacca ; 
21, British capture 
Khelat-i-Ghilzai. 

Fel). 1-3. Chilians de- 
feated. 

Mar. 7. Chilians bom- 
bard Arica ; and. 11, 
occupy Moquega ; 
and. 18, Islay. 

April 10. Chilians 
blockade Oallao. 

April 19. Afghans de- 
feated at Ahmed- 
key : 20, defeat Brit- 
ish near Ghurzner ; 
25, defeated at Cha- 
rasiab. 

June 7. Chilians cap- 
ture Arica and Tac- 
na. 

July 4. Chilian "Loa" 
destroyed by tor- 
pedo. 



198 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 1880 A.D.- 



1S81 



ProgkessofSociett, 



1880 



1881 

Feb. 7. Work began 
on Panama Canal. 

May 17, 19. Revised 
New Testament 
published in Eng- 
land and America. 

June 11. "Jeannette" 
destroyed by ice in 
Siberian seas. 

AuL r . Electrical Ex- 
hibition opened at 
Paris. 

Deaths : Beaconsfield, 
Gen. Burnside, Car- 
lyle, Dean Stanley, 
J. G. Holland. J. t. 
Fields. Emile Lit tre. 



188^ 

J. F. Slater L r ives 
31,000.000 for edu- 
tion of the colored 
people of the 
South. 



Great increase in use 
of electric light. 



United States. 



1880 



1881 

Mar. 4. Garfield inaugurated as President. 

May 5. New treaty with China confirmed 
(regulating immigration). 

June -J. Great Britain pays 875,000 for For- 
tune Bay fisheries dam.v. 

July 2. Garfield shot by Guiteau in Wash- 
ngton. 

July 80. Indian Chief Sitting Bull surren- 
ders at Fort Buford. 

Sept. 19. Garfield dies at Elberon, N. J. 

Sept. 20. 22. Arthur takes oath of office as 
President. 

Oct. 5. International Cotton Exhibition 
opened at Atlanta. Ga. 

Oct. 18. Centennial celebration of Battle of 
Yorktown ; British flag saluted by order 
of the President. 

Oct. 31. Cashier of Mechanics' National 
Bank, Newark, embezzles S2.000.000. 

Nov. 14. Beginning of trial of Guiteau for 
murder of Garfield. 

1882 

Jan. 25. Guiteau trial ended in his convic- 
tion of murder in the first degree. 

Feb. 28. Congress passes apportionment 
bill giving House of Representatives 325 
members. 

May. Outbreak of Apache Indians in Ari- 
zona. 

MayS. Congress passes bill suspending 
Chinese immigration for ten years. 



British Empire. 



1881 

an. 24. Honse of 
C o m m o n s sits 
continuously for 
41 hours to pass 
coercion bill. 

Jan. 25. Irish State 
trial ends in dis- 
agreement of the 
jury. 

Mar. 17. Passage of 
Irish arms bill. 

Apr. -June. 1,063 
families in Ireland 
evicted for not 
paying rents. 

Jul v 80. Passage of 
Irish land bill. 



1882 

Mar. 2. Attempt to 

assassinate Queen 

Victoria. 



Apr. 27. Marriage 
of Prince Leopold 
to Princess Hele- 
na of Waldeck. 



1882 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



I99 



1880 



1881 



France. 



1881 

May 12. City of Tunis sur- 
renders to French. 

July 11. French army bom- 
bards Sfax. 

Nov. 10. Resignation of the 
Ferry ministry ; 15, For- 
mation of the Gambetta 
ministry. 



1882 1882 

Jan. Failure of the Union 
I Gene ralu. 

1 Jan. 30. Resignation of the 
I Gambetta ministry and 

formation of the Freycinet 

ministry. 
May 2. French capture Ha- 

Noi in Southeastern 

Asia. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1S80 



1881 

Mar. 13. Assassination of Czar of 

Russia ; succeeded by his sou, 

Alexander III. 
Apr. 15. Execution of five Nihilists 

for assassination of the Czar. 
Apr. 27. Beginning of outrages 

against the Jews in Russia. 
Dec. 8. Ring Theatre in Vienna 

burned, and 794 lives lost. 



Feb. Twenty-one Nihilists in Russia 

condemned to death or to penal 

servitude. 
Apr. Prince Gortschakoff resigns 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs in 

Russia. 

May. Assassination of Gen. Strel- 
nikoff at Odessa. 



World, elsewhere. 



July 25. Abdul Rah- 
man recogni 
British as A 
Cabul;27,Brit 
feated in Cam 

Sept. 1. Afghans d< - 
feated at Candahar. 

Sept. (J. Insurrection 
Of BasutOE ; 25, de- 
feated. 

Sept. 14. Offer of U. 
S. to mediate in 
Chilian war accept- 
ed. 

Oct. 1. International 
Exhibition opened 
at Melbourne. 

Oct. 14, li). Basutos 
defeated. 

Nov. 15. Rising of the 
Boers in the Trans- 
vaal against the 
British government. 

Nov. 25. Negotiations 
for peace between 
Chili, Peru, and Bo- 
livia broken off. 

Dee. 21. < Jen 
ing of the Boers ii 
the Transvaal : 23, 
they declare theii 
independence : and. 
28, occupy Potchef- 
stroom. 

1881 

Jan. 23. Callao and 

Lima surrender to 

Chilians. 
Mar. 23. Boer war in 

S. Africa ended. 
Apr. Earthquake al 

Chios. Asia Minor. 

destroying fcit* '■'-•■ ■ 

villages and 5,000 

persons. 
Nov. False Prophei 

appears in Soudan. 



May. Renewal of po- 
litical massacres in 
Mandalay. 



June 11. Riots ii 
Alexandria : 340 Eu- 
ropeans killed. 



200 



THE WORLDS PROGRESS. 



1882 A.D.- 



Pkogress of Society. 



Deaths : Longfellow, 
Darwin, Emerson, 
Gambetta, Garibal- 
di, Pusey, Abp. Tait, 
Anthony Trollope, 
Thurlow Weed, G. 
P. Marsh, R. H. 
Dana, jr., Auerbach, 
Dr. Draper, Dr. Bel- 
lows. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



June 30. Guiteau hanged in Washington. May 6. Assassination 

Aug. 2. Congress passes over the President's ot Lord F. C. Cav- 

veto the largest River and Harbor bill ever endish and Mr. 

passed— $18,743,875. Burke in Dublin. 

Nov. Elections throughout the country July 12. Queen signs 

generally favorable to the Democrats. | new coercion bill. 

Aug. Passage of 
Irish arrears of 
rent bill. 
Dec. Parliament a- 
i dopts new rules of 
1 procedure. 
Dec. 20. Archbish- 
opric of Canter- 
bury accepted by 
Bishop Benson. 



18S3 

May 12. Opening of 
hygienic exhibition 
at Berlin. 

May 14. Opening of 
international fish- 
eries exhibition at 
London. 

July. First use of 
storage electricity in I 
propelling boat] 
(Thames River. 
London). 

Aug. 16. Opening of 
electrical exhibition! 
at Vienna. 

Nov. 18. Standard time 
substituted for local 
time in U. S. and 
Canada. 

Deaths: Dore, Flo- 
tow, Wagner, A. H. 
Stephens, J. R. 
Green, Gortchakoff, 
Peter Cooper, Jules 
Sandeau, Laboulaye, 
Abd-el-Kader, Bp. 
Colenso, Abp. Pur- 
cell, Montgomery 
Blair, J. S. Black, 
Comte de Cham- 
bord, Turgeneff, 

Hendrik Con- 
science, Mayne Reid, 
Karl Marx, H.Mar- 
tin, Sir E. Sabine. 



Jan. 5. Defalcation of the State Treasurer 
of Tennessee (§400,000). 

Mar. 4. Tariff bill signed by the President. 

July 16. Civil-Service-Reform Act (passed 
by Congress in Jan.) goes into operation. 

July 19. Strike of 5,000 telegraph oper- 
ators. (Collapsed Aug. 17.) 

July 23. Protetts, sent to rescue the Greelv 
Arctic expedition, crushed by the ice in 
Smith's Sound, 

Sept. 8. Northern Pacific Railroad com- 
pleted. 

Oct. 1. Letter postage reduced from 3c. to 
2C. per half ounce. 

Oct. 15. Civil-Rights Act (giving colored 
people equal privileges in hotels, theatres, 
etc., with whites) pronounced unconsti- 
tutional by Supreme Court. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Sherman succeeded by Gen. 
Sheridan in the command of the army. 



Feb. 10. Identifi- 
cation of murder- 
ers of Burke and 
Cavendish. (Apr. 
13, 18. Condemna- 
tion to death of 
two of them.) 

June 16. Suffoca- 
tion of 186 children 
at Victoria Hall, 
Sunderland. 

July. Shooting at 
Cape Town of 
James Carey, the 
identifier of the 
Burke and Caven- 
dish murderers. 

Aug. 23. Annex- 
ation of Sherbro 
and other terri- 
tories on west 
African coast to 
British Empire. 



A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



201 



[ 38a 



Franci 



1882 

Aug. 7. Formation of the 

Duclerc ministry. 
Passage of divorce bill. 



Jan. 28. Resignation of the 
Duclerc ministry and for 
mation of the Fallieres 
ministry. 

Feb. 9. Release of Prince Na- 
poleon after three weeks' 
imprisonment. 

Feb. 18. Resignation of the 
Fallieres ministry and 
formation of the Ferry 
ministry. 

Feb. 25. Royal princes dis- 
missed from the army. 

Sept. 29. King of Spain in- 
sulted in Paris ; 30, apolo 
gies offered by President 
GreVy. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



882 

Sept. Turkey cedes 5,000 square 
miles to Greece. 

Oct. 2. Attempt to assassinate King 
Milan of Servia. 

Dec. Conviction of forty-five So- 
cialists at Prague. 



Jan. Great floods in Europe. 

Mar. 29. Murder at Pesth of the Lord 
Chief Justice of Hungary. 

April. Resumption of specie pay- 
ments in Italy. (Suspended since 
1866.) 

May 27. Coronation of Alexander 
III., Czar of Russia, at Moscow. 

May-Aug. Persecutions of Jews in 
Russia. 

July 28. Earthquake on island of 
Ischia_ (near Naples) destroying 
5,000 lives. 

Aug. Military revolt in Spain. 

Sept. 27. Unveiling of the great 
statue kl Germania," on the Nie- 
derwald, Riidesheim. 

Oct. Resignation of Spanish minis- 
try of Sagasta, and formation of 
new ministry under Posada-Her- 
rera. 

Nov. 10. Celebration in Germany of 
fourth centennial of Luther's birth. 

Dec. 4. Insurrection in Crete. 



Wi >RLD, elsewhere. 



1882 

July ir. British fleet 
bombards Alexan- 
dria ; 12, Egyptians 
evacuate and fire 
Alexandria. 

Aug. 15. Gen. Wolse- 
ley arrives at Alex- 
andria ; 20, seizes 
the Suez Canal, and, 
24, defeats Egyp- 
tians at Magfar and 
(25) at Kassasin 
Lock. 

Sept. 13. British cap- 
ture Tel-el-Kebir 
and Zagazig ; 14, 
Arabi is captured ; 
23, Damietta surren- 
ders ; and, 25, Khe- 
dive returns to Cai- 
ro. 

Dec. 3. Arabi sen- 
tenced to death ; 
commuted by Khe- 
dive to perpetual 
exile. 

1883 

Jan. 16. Return of 
Cetewayo to Zulu- 
land. 

Feb. 12. Coronation of 
King Kalakaua in 
Honolulu. 

Apr. 29. Followers of 
El Mahdi defeated 
by Egyptian troops. 

June. French aggres- 
sions in Madagas- 
car. 

June._ Cholera causes 
panic in Egypt : over 
16,000 deaths. 

July 6. Cetewayo de- 
feated in battle by 
Oham. 

July 14. Discovery of 
Lake Mantumba in 
Africa by Stanley. 

Aug. Volcanic erup- 
tions in Java and 
neighboring islands : 
nearly 1 00,000 
deaths. 

Aug. 15-20. Skirmishes 
between French and 
Anamite troops in 
Tonquin. 

Aug. 25. French pro- 
tectorate established 
over Anam. 

Oct. 16. Surrender 
of Cetewayo to the 
British. 

Oct. 20. Treaty of 
peace signed be- 
tween Chili and 
Peru. 



202 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



883 A.D.- 



1883 



1884 



Progress of Society. 



United States. 



c 



May 19. Discovery of 
inoculative remedy 
for rabies announced 
by Pasteur. 

May 24. Opening of 
N. Y. and Brooklyn 
Suspension Bridge. 

June 20. Introduction 
of railroads into 
China sanctioned by 
the government. 

July 1. Opening of in- 
ternational forestry 
exhibition at Edin- 
burgh. 

Aug. 4. Opening of 
international educa- 
tional conference at 
London. 

Oct. 13. International 
conference at Wash 
ington adopts meri 
dian of Greenwich 
as the universal 
prime meridian. 

Greely expedition 

penetrates to Lat. 
83 24' N., the far 
thest point yet 
reached in Arctic 
exploration. 

Deaths : Dr. Lasker. 
Wendell Phillips, 
Guyot, Mign6t 
Prince Leopold 
Chas. Reade, Tag- 
lioni, J. P. Benja- 
min, Chas. O'Conor, 
Count Todleben, 
Lepsius, Sir E. Wil- 
son, H. G. Bohn, 
Hans Makart, Paul 
Lacroix, Fanny Els- 
sler, Channing. 
1885 

Jan. 1. Time of reck- 
oning the beginning 
of the day changed 
from noon to mid- 
night at Greenwich 
observatory. 



British Empire. 



1883 



Jan. 21. Iron-clad oath (enacted during Civil 
War) repealed by Congress. 

Feb. 10-21. Great floods in Ohio Valley . 
S500.000 appropriated by Congress for re- 
lief. 

May 29. People's (Labor and Greenback) 
party nominate P>. F. Butler and A. M 
West for the Presidency and Vice-Presi 
dency. 

June 2. Republican party nominate J. G. 
Blaine and J. A. Logan for the Presidency 
and Vice-Presidency. 

June 22. Rescue off Cape Sabine of Lieut 
Greely and six survivors of his Arctic ex- 
pedition — 17 of the party having perished. 

July 10. Democratic party nominate Grover 
Cleveland and T. A. Hendricks for the 
Presidency and Vice-Presidency. 

Tuly 24. Prohibition party nominate J. P. 
St. John and Wm. Daniel for the Presi- 
dency and Vice-Presidency. 

Nov. 4. Election of Cleveland and Hen- 
dricks. 

Dec. 8. Collection of immigrant head money 
declared unconstitutional by Supreme 
Court. 

Dec. 16. Opening of Cotton Exposition at 
New Orleans. 



Apr. 16. Celebration 
of ter-centennial 
of Edinburgh Uni- 
versity. 

June 28. Opening of 
Egyptian confer- 
ence in London. 

Nov. Passage of new 
franchise bill by 
Parliament. 

Dec. 13. Attempt to 
wreck London 

Bridge with dy- 
namite. 



Jan. 20. Passage of bill submitting French 

spoliation claims to Court of Claims. 
Feb. 21. Dedication of the Washington 
J Monument (555 feet high) at the city of 
; Washington. 
Mar. 2. Importation of foreign contract 
' laborers prohibited by Congress. 



1885 

Jan. 24. Dynamite 
explosion in 
Houses of Parlia- 
ment and in the 
Tower, London : 
twenty persons in- 
jured. 



1 88=; a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



203 



1883 



France. 



1884 

June 19. Annexation of 
Cambodia (part of China) 
to French territories. 

June 25. Appearance of 
Asiatic cholera ; 6,000 
deaths within three 

months. 

July 19. Adoption of a di- 
vorce law. 

Aug. 15. Declaration of war 
by China. 

Aug. Revision of Constitu- 
tion. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



World, elsewhere 



1884 

Jan. 15. Formation of a new Spanish 
ministry under C&novas del Cas- 
tillo. 

Feb. 14. Annexation of Merv (Cen- 
tral Asia) by Russia. 

Feb. 17. Attempt to assassinate 
King of Italy. 

June 12. Regulation of succession 
to Dutch throne. 

June 21. Death of Prince of Orange, 
crown prince of Holland. 

June-Aug. Persecutions of Jews in 
Russia. 

July 13. Attempt to assassinate 

Emperor of Austria. Feb. 29. Osman Dig 

July 17. Discovery of plot to assassi- ma defeated by 
nate Czar of Russia. 

Oct. 3. Destruction by fire of royal 
castle of Christiansborg. 

Oct. 5. German annexations on 
African slave coast ; Dec. 19, in 
South Sea. 



,1885 
Mar. 29. Resignation of the 

Ferry ministry caused by 

riots over Chinese victories 

in Tonquin. 
Apr. 6. Formation^ of new 

ministry under Crisson. 



Oct. 31. Marquis of 
Lansdowne succeeds 
Marquis of Lornc as 
Governor-General of 
Canada. 

Nov. 3-5. Defeat of 
Egyptian army un- 
der Hicks Pacha by 
El Mahdi in the 
Soudan. 

Dec. 4. Opening at 
Calcutta of the first 
East Indian inter- 
national exhibition. 

1884 

Jan. 25. " Chinese " 
Gordon appointed 
Governor of the 
Soudan. 

Feb. Massacre of 
Christians in Ton- 
quin : 215 lives lost. 

Feb. 4. Defeat of 
Baker Pacha by 
Egyptian rebels un- 
der Osman Digma, 
near Tokar. 

Feb. 9. Death of Cete- 
wayo. 



Gen. Graham 
Tokar. 

Mar. 30. Epidemic of 
small-pox at Madras. 

May 23. Berber cap- 
tured by Egyptian 
rebels. 

Sept. 10. Earl of Duf- 
ferin appointed to 
the vice-royalty of 
India. (He assumes 
office Nov. 13.) 

Nov. 25. Earthquake 
in Peru. 

Dec. 1. Gen. Diaz 
becomes Prest. of 
Mexico. 

Dec. 12. Revolution 
in Corea. 



Jan. 1. Earthquake in Spain : Jan. 20. El Mahdi 
many lives and buildings de- defeated by the Brit- 
stroyed. ish under Gen. Stew- 

Jan. 12. Extradition treaty between art in the Soudan. 

Russia and Prussia. _ I 

May 4. Opening of universal exhi- 
bition at Antwerp. 



204 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



1885 A.D.- 



Progress of Society. 



United States. 



British Empire. 



1885 



May 4. Opening of 
international exhi- 
bition of inventions 
at London. 

May 15. Publication 
at London and New 
York of revised ver- 
sion of Old Testa- 
ment. 

Aug. 10. Opening of 
international tele- 
graphic congress at 
Berlin. 

Nov. 18. First election 
of a workman to the 
States-General of 
Holland. 

Deaths: Colfax, B. 
Silliman, Jr., About, 
R. G. White, Fre- 
linghuysen, Hugo 
Baron v. Manteuffel, 
S. I. Prime, Gen. 
Grant, Montefiore, 
Lord Houghton, 

" H. H." Jackson, 
Abp. McCloskey, H. 
W. Shaw ( " Josh 
Billings"), Gen. Mc- 
Clellan, John < Mo 
Cullough, Vice 
President Hen 
dricks, King Alfon 
so, W. H. Vander 
bilt, Toombs. 



1886 

Jan. 4. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Toronto. 

Oct. 27. Final abo- 
lition of slavery in 
Cuba. 



Mar. 4. Passage of act retiring U. S. Grant 
with the rank of General. 

Mar. 4. Letter postage reduced from two 
cents per half ounce to two cents per ounce. 

Mar. 4. Inauguration of President Cleve- 
land. 

Apr. 16. Passage of bill by N. Y. Legislature 
creating a public park at Niagara Falls. 
(Opened to the public July 15.) 

May 5. Conclusion of treaty with Colombian 
govt, establishing joint protectorate over 
Isthmus of Panama. 

June 21. Ratification of extradition treaty 
with Japan. 

Aug. 8. Public funeral of Gen. Grant in 
New York. 

Aug. 25. Cyclones at Savannah and Charles- 
ton: $2,000,000 worth of property destroyed. 

Sept. 2. Five hundred Chinese miners in 
Wyoming Ter. attacked by whites and fifty 
of them killed. 



Mar. 26. Difficulty 
with Russia re- 
garding advances 
of latter in Central 
Asia : military re- 
serves called out 
by the Queen. 

June 8. Deteat in 
Parliament of the 
Liberal (Glad- 
stone) ministry. 

June 23. Formation 
of Conservative 
ministry under the 
Marquis of Salis- 
bury. 

June 29. Earl of Car- 
narvon succeeds 
Earl Spencer as 
Lord Lieutenant 
of Ireland. 

July 23. Marriage 
of Princess Beat- 
rice to Prince 
Henry of Batten- 
berg. 

Sept. 3. Completion 
of tunnel under 
Severn River. 

Oct. 1. Inauguration 
of sixpenny(twelve 
cents) telegrams. 

Nov. Outbreak of 
war with Burmah; 
British troops en- 
ter Mandalay ; 
surrender of King 
Thebaw (Nov. 28.) 



Jan. 19. Passage of bill investing presidency 
temporarily in Secretary of State (or other 
Cabinet officers) in case of death of both 
President and Vice-President. 

Feb. 9, Chinese in Seattle (Washington) 
driven from their homes by mob. 



Jan. 1. Annexation 
of Burmah to 
British Empire. 

Jan. 20. Opening of 
tunnel under Mer- 
sey River. 



i886a.d. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



205 



France. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



1885 



June 2. Public funeral of 
Victor Hugo in Paris. 

June 9. Treaty of peace with 
China signed. 

Aug. 25. Reappearance of 
cholera at Toulon ; its 
rapid spread through 
France and Spain : 10,000 
deaths. 

Dec. 12. Establishment of 
protectorate over Mada- 
gascar. 

Dec. 28. Re-election of 
Gr6vy as President. 



Jan. 7. Formation of a 
new ministry under Frey- 
cinet. 

Jan. 15. Amnesty granted 
political offenders. 



June 24. Cholera appears in Spain : 
82,000 deaths by end of Aug. 

July 12. Attempt to assassinate 
Emperor of Germany. 

Sept. 18. _ Rebellion in Eastern 
Roumalia : annexed to Bulgaria. 

Oct. 1. Outbreak of war between 
Servia and Bulgaria. 

Nov. 1. Renewal for five years of 
Latin monetary union between 
France, Belgium, Italy, Switzer- 
land, and Greece, on basis of silver 
coin redeemable in gold 



World, elsewhere. 



Nov. 



Accession of Mercedes to 



Spanish throne (on death of her 
father, Alfonso XII.) under re- 
gency of her mother, Queen Chris- 
tina: new ministry under Sagasta. 

Nov. 28-Dec. 21. Trial and con- 
viction of twenty-six Nihilists at 
Warsaw : 4 hung and 22 sent to 
Siberia. 

Nov. 30. Germany takes possession 
of Marshall Islands. 

Dec. 5. Italian annexation of Mas- 
sowah 



1885 

Jan. 26. Khartoum 
captured by El 
Mahdi • 27, Gordon 
killed; British forces 
withdrawn from 
Soudan. 

Feb. Formation of 
Congo Free State. 

Feb. 21. Protectorate 
over Samoan Islands 
granted Germany by 
treaty. 

Mar. it. Declaration 
of war by Guatemala 
against Salvador, 
Nicaragua, and Costa 
Rica : Mexico sides 
against Guatemala. 

Mar. 30. Russians 
defeat Afghans at 
l'enjdeh. 

Mar. 30. Pres. Barrios, 
of Guatemala, killed 
while advanci ng 
against San Salva- 
dor. 

Mar. 31. Colon burned 
by Panama insur- 
gents. 

Mar. 31. Indian- 
French rebellion in 
Northwest Canada 
under Riel (who is 
captured, and hung 
Nov. 16). 

Apr. 16. Peace con- 
cluded between Cen- 
tral American re- 
publics. 

Apr. 21. King of Bel- 
gium assumes sov- 
ereignty over Congo 
State. 

Apr. 24. Panama taken 
possi 
S. 



1886 

Jan. Servia, Bulgaria, and Greece 
compelled by the powers to disarm. 

Mar. 2. Treaty of peace signed be- 
tween Servia and Bulgaria. 

Mar. 20. Anarchist riots in Belgium 
originating in strike of miners. 



)r. 24. Panama taken v 
possession of by U. A 
S. troops for protec- 
tion of property. / 



(Restored later to 
Colombian eovt.) 

May 7. Death of El 
Mahdi. 

May 15. Earthquakes 
desolate Vale of 
Cedar. 

Sept. 22. Cyclone 
sweeps over Orissa 
and Hay of Bengal, 
destroying 300 lives. 

Dec. 3. Earthquake 
in Algeria. 

1886 

Jan. 25. Barillas elect- 
ed Prest. of Guate- 
mala. 

Apr. 7. Soto elected 
Prest. of Costa 
Rica. 



2o6 



THE WORLD S PROGRESS. 



lSS6 A.D.- 




1887 



Deaths : Gen. Han- 
cock, Gov. Seymour 
Gough, Abp. French, 
Sir H. Taylor, Dio 
Lewis, Von Ranke, 
J. R. Bartlett, King 
Ludwig of Bavaria, 
E. P. Whipple, P. 
H. Hayne, Liszt, 
Tilden, J. E. Cooke, 
Von Beust, C. A 
Arthur,C. F.Adams 
Gen. Logan. 



Feb. 16. Women al- 
lowed to vote in 
Kansas. 

Deaths : Bp. Potter. 

E. L. Youmans, Sir 
S. Northcote (Earl 
of Iddesleigh), Mrs 
Henry Wood, Beech- 
er,F6val, Eads.Saxe, 
J. T. Raymond, ex- 
Vice-Prest. Wheeler, 
Mark Hopkins, S. 

F. Baird, Jenny 
Lind, F. V. Hayden. 



May 1-4. Labor riots in Chicago and Mil- Jan 



waukee incited by anarchists. 

May 6. Kansas City (Mo.) struck by tor- 
nado : many lives and buildings destroyed. 

May 19. Destructive water spout at Xenia, 
Ohio. 

June 2. Marriage at the White House, 
Washington, of President Cleveland and 



Parliament of 

Conservative min- 
istry (on question 
of governing Ire- 
land). 
Feb. 3. Formation 
of Liberal minis- 



Miss Folsom. ' try under 

Aug. 20. Seven anarchists convicted of stone, 
murder for Chicago riots in May. Feb. 20. Earl 

Aug. 30-31. Charleston, S. C, severely 
damaged by an earthquake ; over 50 per- 
sons killed and many buildings wrecked. 

Sept. 4. Geronimo and his band of Apache 
Indians surrender to Gen. Miles. 

Oct. 12. Parts of Texas and Louisiana de- 
vastated by gales and floods ; about 250 
lives lost. 

Oct. 28. Bartholdi's statue of " Liberty En- 
lightening the World " (a gift from France) 
unveiled in N. Y. harbor. 



Glad- 



of 



Aberdeen succeeds 
Earl of Carnarvon 
as Lord Lieutenant 
of Ireland. 

May 4. Opening of 
colonial exhibition 
at London. 

May 11. Opening of 
international # ex- 
hibition at Liver- 
pool. 



Dec. 6. K eduction in tariff duties recom- June 8. Defeat of 



mended to Congress by Prest. Cleveland, 
Numerous labor strikes throughout the year. 



Liberal ministry 
in Parliament on 
question of Irish 
home rule. 
July. Parliamentary 
elections favorable 
to Conservatives 
and Liberal- 
Unionists (/. <?., to 
those opposed to 
Irish home rule). 
July 21. Formation 
of new Conserva- 
tive ministry un- 
der Lord Salis- 
bury. 
Aug. 1. Annexa- 
tion of Kermadec 
Islands to British 
Empire. 
Aug. 7. Riots in 
Belfast, Ireland, 
between Orange- 
men and Roman 
Catholics. 
Sept. 18. Marquis of 
Londonderry suc- 
ceeds Earl of Aber- 
deen as Lord Lieu- 
tenant of Ireland. 
1887 1887 

Jan. >2o. Passage of presidential electoral May 1. Cession of 
count bill. Cyprus to Great 

Jan. 21. Passage of inter-state commerce Britain by Tur- 

bill. key. 

Mar. 4. Repeal of tenure-of-ofnce act (re- May 12. Annex- 
storing to the President the power of re- 
moving officials without consent of the 
Senate). 
Mar. 4. Passage of fisheries retaliatory bill 

(in opposition to Canada). 
June 29. Jacob Sharp sentenced to 4 years 
imprisonment and fined §5,000 for bribery 
of N. Y. aldermen. 



ation of Zululand 
to the British Em- 
pire. 
May 14. Opening 
of the People's 
Palace in Lon- 
don. 



I887A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



207 



France. 



1S86 

June 22. Passage of law ex- 
pelling royal princes from 
French territory. 

Dec. 1. Formation of a new 
ministry under Goblet. 



Europe, elsewhere. 



Destructive hurricane in 



World, elsewhere. 



1886 
May n 
Spain. 
May 17. Posthumous birth ot the 

King of Spain, Alfonso XIII. 
June 14. Death by drowning of 
Louis II., King of Bavaria: ac- 
cession of his brother, Otto I., 
under regency of Prince Luit- 
pold. , , T - • c 

Aii"- 2. Celebration by the L mv. of 
Heidelberg of its 500th anniversary. 
Aug. 22. Prince Alexander forcibly 

deposed from Bulgarian throne. 
Aug. 27. Earthquake in Greece de- 
stroyed 600 lives and many towns. 
Sept. 1. Prince Alexander restored 
to Bulgarian throne. Sept. 4. He 
abdicates and a regency is estab- 
lished. 
Sept. 30. Discovery of plot to assassi- 
nate Czar of Russia. 
Oct. 4. Discovery of plot to destroy 
Vienna and assassinate Emperor of 
Austria. 
Nov. 10. Prince Waldemar, of Den- 
mark declines offer of Bulgarian 
throne. 



May. Santos becomes 
Prest. of Uruguay. 

June 3. Caceres be- 
comes Prest. of 
Peru. 

June. Selman elected 
Prest. of Argentine 
Republic. 

jSept. 23. French kill 

j 500 Chinese pirates 

I near Tonquin. 
Dec. 31. Four hundred 
persons crushed to 
death at a fair at 
Madras, India. 



1887 1887 

May 12. Sale of the crown 

jewels. 
May 31. Formation of new 

ministry under Rouvier. 
June 1. Ratification of 

commercial treaty with 

Mexico. 
Dec. 4. Election of Carnot 

as President on resignation 

of Gr6vy. 
Dec. 12. Formation of new 
ninistry under Tirard. 



Feb. 23. Earthquakes in Southern 
Europe : 1,000 lives lost. 

Mar. 13. Attempt to assassinate 
Czar of Russia. 

Tuly 7. Election of Prince Ferdinand 
of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha to Bul- 
garian throne. 

Aug. 2. Another attempt to assassi- 
nate Czar of Russia. 



Feb. 3. Expedition 
under Stanley leaves 
Cairo for relief of 
Emin Pacha in Cen- 
tral Africa. (Returns 
with Emin, Dec, 

1889). T ,. . 

Feb. 25-26. Italians de- 
feated by Abyssini- 
ans near Massowah. 

Apr. 22. Destruction 
of 40 pearl-fishing 
vessels off Australian 
coast : 550 lives lost. 



203 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1887 A.D.- 



1887 



Progress of Society 



Mar. 26. Meeting of 
first international 
convention of women 
at Washington. 

July 27. Celebration 
at Kieff of 900th an- 
niversary of intro- 
duction of Christian- 
ity into Russia. 

Oct. 20. Gift of $1,- 
000,000 by I ».ui. 
Hand for education 
of Southern negroes 

Nov. 10. Extermina 
tion of African slave 
trade resolved upon 
by European powers. 

Dec. Suspension of 
work on Panama 
inter-ocean canal. 

Deaths : Bonamy 
Price, Asa Gray, 
Mary Howitt, Sir 
H. S. Maine, Bron- 
son Alcott, Louisa 
Alcott, Emperor 
William I., Chief 
Justice Waite, Mat 
thew Arnold, Roscoe 
Conkling, J. F 
Clarke, Emperor 
Frederick III., E. 
P. Roe, Gen. Sheri- 
dan, Lester Wal- 
lack, R. A. Proctor, 
Wm. Warren. 

1889 

Jan. 1. Total eclipse 
of sun (visible in 
western North 
American). ^ 



United States. 



1887 

July 8. Excommunication of Dr. McGlynn 
in N. Y. for advocacy of land theories of 
Henry George. 

Sept. 5. First observance of M Labor Day " 
as a holiday in State of N. Y. (first Monday 
in Sept.). 

Sept. 15. Celebration in Philadelphia of 
centennial of adoption of U. S. Constitu- 
tion. 

Nov. 4. Hanging of four of the anarchists 
convicted of the Chicago riots of May, 
1884: (one of the others had committed 
suicide ; sentence of the other two com- 
muted to life imprisonment). 

Dec. 23. Strike of employes of Philadelphia 
and Reading R. R. 



Jan. 12. Blizzard in Northwest : 235 persons 
frozen to death. 

Jan. 19. Ratification of extradition treaty 
with the Netherlands. 

Feb. 15. Treaty agreed upon by English, 
Canadian, and American fisheries commis- 
sion at Washington. (Rejected by Senate 
Aug. 21.) 

Mar. 12. Blizzard in Eastern States : N. Y. 
city blockaded with snowdrifts for several 
days : a number of lives lost. 

June 1. Sheridan made General of the army 
by special act of Congress. 

June 6. Democratic party nominate Grover 
Cleveland and Allen G. Thurman for 
Presidency and Vice-Presidency. 

June 25. Republican party nominate Benja 
min Harrison and Levi P. Morton for 
Presidency and Vice-Presidency. 

Sept. 13. Chinese laborers (temporarily ab- 
sent) forbidden to return to U. S. 

Oct. 20. Adjournment of Congress after the 
longest session (321 days) in its history. 

Oct. 30. Dismissal of British minister, Lord 
Sackville West, by U. S. govt, on account 
of indiscreet letter on American politics. 

Nov. 6. Election of Harrison and Morton 



Jan. 9. Cyclone in Penna. very destructive 

of life and property. 
Feb. 2. Fire in Buffalo destroys nearly 

$3,000,000 worth of property. 



British Empire. 



June 21. Jubilee cele- 
bration in London 
of the 50th anni- 
versary of Queen 
Victoria's acces- 
sion to the throne. 

July 8. Passage of 
Irish crimes bill by 
Parliament (abol- 
ishing trial by 
jury in Ireland). 

Sept. 5. Theatre 
Royal at Exeter 
burned ^ with loss 
of 140 lives. 

Nov. 13. Riots in 
London caused by 
police attempting 
to prevent meet- 
ing of working- 
men in Trafalgar 
Square. 

1S88 

Apr. 2. First of a 
series of brutal 
murders of women 
in east end _ of 
London : horrible 
mutilations of vic- 
tims. 

Sept. 17. First meet- 
ing of commission 
to investigate Lon- 
don Times' s 
charges against 
Parnell and other 
Irish leaders ; 
closed Nov. 22, 
1889, after 129 sit- 
tings, examining 
493 witnesses, and 
receiving answers 
to 98,oooquestions. 



June 12. Seventy 
children killed on 
an excursion train 
in Ireland. 



1889 A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



209 



A.D. 


France. 


Europe, elsewhere. 


World, elsewhere. 


1887 


1887 


1887 


1887 

May 3. Earthquake in 
Mexico: 150 lives 
lost. 

July 3. King Kala- 
kaua grants Hawai- 
ian islanders more 
liberal constitution. 


1888 


1888 


1888 


1888 




Mar. 1. M. Wilson, son-in- 


Feb. 3. Official announcement of 


Mar. 31. Gen. Flores 




law of ex-Prest. Gr6vy, 


treaty of alliance between Ger- 


elected Prest. of 




sentenced to two years im- 


many and Austria. 


Ecuador. 




prisonment for trafficking 


Mar. 9. Accession of Frederick III. 
to German throne on death of his 


June 11. Lord Stan- 




in decorations. (The sen- 


ley succeeds the 




tence quashed by Court of 


Father, William I. 


Marquis of Lans- 




Appeals, Mar. 26.) 


Mar. 31. Adoption of trial by jury 


downe as Governor- 




Mar. 15. Removal of Gen. 


in Spain. 


General of Canada. 




Boulanger from his com- 


June 15. Accession of William II. 


June 18. _ Great floods 




mand in the army. 


to German throne on death of his 


in Mexico: 700 people 




Mar. 30. Formation of new 


father, Frederick III. 


drowned. 




ministry under Floquet. 




July 9. Gen. Diaz 
re-elected Prest. of 




Dec. 11. Voting of four 






hundred million francs 




Mexico. 




(about $80,000,000) for 




July 27. Volcanic 




military purposes. 




eruptions in Japan: 
1,000 lives lost. 

July 30. Dr. Paul 
becomes Prest. of 
Venezuela. 

Aug. 1. Opening of 
international exhi- 
bition at Melbourne 
in celebration of cen- 
tennial of founda- 
tion of New South 
Wales. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Legiti- 
me elected Prest. of 
Hayti. 


1889 


1889 


1889 


1889 




Feb. 23. Formation of new 


Jan. 30. Suicide of crown prince of 


Feb. 12. New consti- 




ministry under Tirard. 


Austria. 


tion for Japan pro- 




Mar. 9. Repeal of the decree 


Mar. 6. Abdication of King William 


claimed, with two 




of banishment of Due 


of Servia in favor of his son Alex- 


legislative chambers. 




d'Aumale. 


ander, 13 years old. 





2IO 



THE WORLD'S PROGRESS. 



1889 A - D - 



Progress of Society 



United States. 



British Empire. 



Jan. 1. Electricity 
substituted for hang 
ing as death penalty 
in N. Y. (for crimes 
committed after this 
date). 

July 20. Close of 
workers' congress at 
Paris. 

Aug. 28. City of Paris 
crosses Atlantic in 5 
days, 19 hrs., 
mins., the shortest 
time on record. 

Sept. 23. Close of rail 
road congress at 
Paris. 

Oct. 16. Opening of 
international mari- 
time congress at 
Washington. 

Nov. 6. Completion of 
the Forth Bridge 
(Scot land), the great- 
est work of its kind 
in the world. 

Nov. 22. Commence- 
ment of work on 
Nicaragua inter- 
ocean canal. 

Final abolition^ of 
slavery in Brazil. 

Deaths: S. A. Alli- 
bone, Prince Ru- 
dolph of Austria, 
Laura Bridgman, 
John Bright, Eliza 
Cook, John Erics- 
son, S. C. Hall, 
Halliwell-Phillipps, 
King Luis of Portu- 
gal, M. F. Tupper, 
Ulbach, J. G.Wood, 
F. A. P. Barnard, 
Simon Cameron, 
Maria Mitchell, 
T. D. Woolsey, 
Wilkie Collins, Jeff. 
Davis, Rob. Brown- 
ing. 



Feb. 11. Creation of the Department of 
Agriculture in national government. 

Mar. 4. Inauguration of Prest. Harrison. 

Apr. 22. Oklahoma opened to white settle- 
ment. 

Apr. 29-May 1. Celebration at N. Y. of 
centennial of Washington's inauguration 

May 31. Breaking of dam in Conemaugh 
valley destroys over 5,000 lives at Johns- 
town, Pa. 

Aug. 14. Judge Terry shot by U. S. Marshall 
Nagle in California in defence of Justice 
Field. 

Oct. 2. Opening of the Pan-American con 
ference at Washington. 

Nov. 2. Admission as States of North and 
South Dakota; 7, of Montana; 11, of 
Washington. 

Nov. 13. Opening at Washington of the 
Roman Catholic Univ. of America. 

Ballot reform laws adopted by 11 States 
during 1887-89. 



July 1-29. Visit of 
Shah of Persia. 

July 27. Marriage 
of Princess Louise 
of Wales to the 
Duke of Fife. 

Oct. 5. Earl of Zet- 
land succeeds the 
Marquis of Lon- 
donderry as Lord 
Lieutenant of Ire- 
land. 

Numerous prolonged 
strikes during 1889 
kept thousands of 
workmen out of 
work and caused 
much suffering in 
England. 



I889A.D. 



A CHRONOLOGICAL RECORD. 



211 



Europe, elsewhere. 



WORLD, elsewhere. 



May 4. Centennial cele- 
bration of the opening of 
the States-General at Ver- 
sailles. 

May 6. Opening of inter- 
national exhibition at 
Paris. 

July 9. Passage of army bill 
making service universal. 

July 14. Centennial cele- 
bration of the fall of the 
Bastile. 

July 15. Passage of bill for- 
bidding candidates to ap- 
pear in more than one con- 
stituency. 

Aug. 12. Condemnation of 
Gen. Boulanger to per- 
petual imprisonment. (He 
takes refuge in Great 
Britain.) 

Sept. 22. General election 
favorable to the Repub- 
licans. 



Mar. _ 29-May 17. Discovery of 
various plots to assassinate Czar of 
Russia. 

Apr. 2. King William of Holland 
pronounced mentally unable to 
govern. (He subsequently re- 
covers.) 

Apr. 25. Prince Frederick of Hohen- 
zollern proclaimed heir to Rou- 
manian throne. 

Apr. 29. Meeting at Berlin of dele- 
gates from United States, Ger- 
many, and England to arrange 
Samoan affairs. 

May. Formidable strike of miners 
in Germany. 

July 2. King Alexander of Servia 
anointed at Zitcha. 

July 27. Discovery of plot to blow 
up the Vatican. 

Aug. 3. Insurrection in Crete. 

Aug. 17. Destructive hurricane at 
Granada. 

Sept. 6. Explosion in cartridge fac- 
tory at Antwerp : 125 persons 
killed, 200 others wounded. 

Oct. 19. Accession of Carlos I. to 
Portuguese throne on death of his 
father, Luis I. 

Dec. General epidemic of influenza 
in Europe. 



Feb. 25. Marriage of 
Emperor of China. 

Mar. 16. Violent hur- 
ricane at Samoa ; 
three German and 
three American men- 
of-war driven on 
shore. 

Mar. 16. Mahdist 
forces defeated with 
loss in Africa. 

Apr. 3. King John of 
Abyssinia defeated 
and slain. 

Apr. 10. Death at 
Molokai, Hawaii, of 
Father Damien, the 
leper priest. 

July 3. Dervishes de- 
feated by Egyptians. 

Aug. 3. Dervishes de- 
feated by English in 
Egypt. 

Aug. n. Insurrection 
in Hawaii. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Hyppo- 
lite chosen Prest. of 
Hayti (after a year's 
war with Legitime). 

Sept. 4. Egyptians de- 
feated by dervishes 
near Suakim. 

Nov. 15. Expulsion 
of Brazilian Emperor 
and establishment of 
a republic. 



82 










Deacidified using the Bookkeeper proces 
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide 
Treatment Date: ,»pp ^ 

PreservationTechnologies 

A WORLD LEADER IN PAPER PRESERVATIC 

111 Thomson Park Drive 

C •P''. rr,nk.m,Tn^h;n DA 1 CTlCC 








^ ^ 































































































- 























































































































































^ 





















